PHARMACOLOGY EXAM

what neurotransmitter is known as adrenaline

what neurotransmitter is known as adrenaline

epinephrine

what is associated with nerve injury caused by trauma, infection, or chronic disease such as diabetes and is treated with different drugs that are used for other types of pain

neuropathic pain

which of the following is the oldest drug treatment for bipolar disorder

lithium

a child with bed wetting problem might be prescribed

tricycle antidepressant

what is serotonin syndrome is associate with

antimigraine, antidepressants

which skeletal muscle relaxation and is frequently used in dental procedures

nitrous oxide

famciclovir

Famvir

a patient is allergic to sulfa, which drug is on their profile should be brought to the pharmacist attention

Sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim)

what mutations make effective vaccinations difficult to produce

Viral

Miconazole is found in

monistat

which of the following viral diseases can be prevented with a vaccine

hepatitis B

which of the following drugs is classified as a macrolide

azithromycin

the onset of a fever is always diagnostic have a _______ infection

viral

May has an allergy of penicillin indicate on her profile you should alert the pharmacist when she brings in a prescription for

Keflex (Cephazolin)

what's the following is the best method for reducing risk of developing a cold

hand washing

human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the virus that causes acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids) which of the following is attacked by the virus

CD4 T lymphocyte

what antifungal is commonly used to treat candida infection in infants

nystatin

what is the medication contained in Diflucan

fluconazole

which of the following antifungal medications is available commercially as a cream, tablet and shampoo

Ketoconazole

A chronic disease of the skin that is characterized by the itchy red patches covered with silvery scales is termed

psoriasis

which of the following drugs is used to treat fungal infections

clotrimazole

the generic name for Bactroban

mupirocin

why are parental and oral fluoroquinolones contraindicated in pregnant women and children less than 16 years old

they can cause cartilage malformations

which of the following a biotics is only available as a topical preparation

mupirocin (Bactroban)

What is described as the metabolism of drugs by the liver

first pass effect

antacids that must be shaken before using are examples of what type of _____

suspension

what are fungal infections of the nail called

tinea unguium

what is defined as the removing of dead tissue

debridement

the body organ that metabolizes the most drugs is the

liver

is the broad term that includes the study of drugs and their actions on the body

pharmacology

patients with severe burns can have

hypothermia

the most frequently used topical agent for burns is

silver sulfadiazine

tinea is a dermatophyte that causes

ringworm

What is most effective and widely used non prescription medication currently available for the treatment of non inflammatory acne

benzoyl peroxide

When analgesic drugs are used to control pain, this is an example of the _____ use of drugs

therapeutic

At what age can develop GERD

a person of any age, even infants

How is hep A transmitted

primarily by the faecal-oral route

What are natural products and alternatives in combating digestive conditions

ginger

what are the oldest drugs used to treat GERD and PUD

antacids

ulcerative colitis means

inflammatory bowel disease causing inflammation and ulcers in the digestive tract

What medications can worsen GERD

salicylates, bisphosphones, potassium supplemens

It is common to see cats prescribe medication for

hypothyroidism

How is insulin administered

subcutaneously

What are sulfonylureas

Are hypoglycemic agents that lower blood sugar levels

What may type 1 diabetics be treated with

insulin

Type II Diabetes is most common, according to ____ percentages

90 to 95% of diabetics

Define menopause

is the termination of menstrual cycle marking the absence of the cycle for one full year

What is nifedipine is used for

stop premature labor, manage hbp

What type diabetes has a rapid onset

Type I

oral contraceptives are 100% effective in preventing pregnancy

false

recommended lifestyle modifications for patients with diabetes include

lose weight, stop smoking, follow glycemic index diet engage in physical activity

What is Andropause

is the Decrease in testosterone produced in males

When should patients usually take their insulin

before or during food

estrogen provides protection against

osteoporosis, heart disease and stroke prior to menopause

what is typically defined as the inability to achieve pregnancy after one year of trying

infertility

A diet high in _______ is associated with gout attacks

purine

What drugs are used to treat high blood pressure

•ACE inhibitors
•ARBs
•Calcium-channel blockers
•Thiazide diuretics
•Alpha blockers
•Beta blockers

What is a tel for biologics

-umab

why were Cox-2 inhibitors removed from circulation

cardiac complications

what medication is most commonly prescribed for prevention of chronic gout

allopurinol

What is osteoarthritis?

A degenerative joint disease in which cartilage in joints becomes thinner and less elastic eventually causing bone to wear and become deformed

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF OSTEOARTHRITIS

40+
subtle onset
medications reduce symptoms
degenerative joint disease
joints affected: knees, shoulders, hips
assymetrical

what is rheumatoid arthritis

An autoimmune disorder in which the immune system destroys the synovial membrane of the joint, producing inflammation

Signs and symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis

1-3% of the population
20-40 y.o
develops rapidly
symmetrical pain
affects many different joints
deformation over time
auto-immune disease
affects hands Joints of the feet, ankles, knees, wrists, elbows, shoulders, jaw (temporomandibular), vertebral column affected later

what is gouty arthritis

A form of arthritis resulting from the body's improper excretion of uric acid, Patients may either overproduce or insufficiently excrete uric acid

signs and symptoms of gouty arthritis

Big toe affected first
Elbows and ankles may also be affected
kidney damage
tophus: Deposit of sodium urate that forms around joint

What is the purpose of methotrexate when used for rheumatoid arthritis

slows the progression (commonly used DMARD)

How are biologics typically administered

SC

what is a common side effect of Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs

upset stomach/ indigestion

what is the most used drug for gouty arthritis

indomethacin

Gout is the primary disease associated with what

hyperuricemia

JAK DMARDs (citinib) do what

interfere with the activity of Janus Kinase enzymes in the body (JAK1, JAK2,JAK3, TYK2) in order to reduce the body's overactive immune response (RA)

what drug class are commonly used as muscle relaxants

CNS Depressants

Order of inhalers

blue -> brown -> green
Short-Acting Beta-2 Agonists-> Corticosteroids -> Anticholinergics

what is included the the lower respiratory tract

Trachea, bronchial tree, alveoli, lungs

common side effects of inhaled salbutamol

dizziness, nervousness, tremors

what should patients with asthma aviod

beta blockers

What is COPD

A group of chronic lung diseases that impede airflow and cause breathing difficulty

Treatments for COPD

Tobacco cessation
Empiric
-Beta agonists (formoterol, Salmeterol)
-Anticholinergics (Ipratropium, Tiotropium, Glycopyrronium)
-Corticosteroids (beclomethasone, budesonide, Fluticasone, mometasone)
- Methylxanthines (theophylline/Theodur)
Oxygen
Physical therapy
Antibiotics
Expectorants
Vaccinations

what narcotic is commonly used as a cough suppressant

hydrocodone

what is the most used antitussive

dextromethorphan

what should patients with high blood pressure avoid when treating cold symptoms

decongestants

what is effective for a mucus producing cough

expectorant

what is defined as small air sacs in the lungs

aveoli

what does RDS stand for

respiratory distress syndrom

what asthma medication has a narrow therapeutic index

theophylline (Theodur)

what do second generation antihistamines end in

-adine

what is a peptic ulcer

is an ulcer or surface lesion along any part of the GI tract exposed to acid and the enzyme pepsin

where do ulcers form

stomach (peptic-H. pylori, stress-trauma illness, NSAID induced- Removal of protective effect of stomach prostaglandins)
small intestine (duodenal ulcer-Hyperacidity)

what are ranitidine and famotidine

H2 receptor antagonists (-tidine) reduce the amount of stomach acid made

what drug class are effective in GERD and peptic ulcer disease

PPI (decrease gastric acid), Antacids, H2 blockers, Misoprostol, Sucralfate, An antibiotic + PPI/H2 blocker for H.pylori

give an example of an antiflatulent

simethicone (Gas-X) brings together the small gas bubbles in your gut to form bigger bubbles, allowing trapped air to pass through your body more easily

what is affected by gastro esophageal reflux disease

esophagus, pharynx or respiratory tract

How does psyllium (Metamucil work)

contains fiber that remains in the GI tract drawing in water (Bulk forming laxative)

what is mesalamine

an amino-salicylic acid (inflammatory bowel disease, including ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease)

Name side effects of corticosteroids

moonfaced, weight gain, buffalo hump

what is an aux label that has to be on antacids

Shake well before use

what does Otic refer to

ear

What is metronidazole (Flagyl) used for

STD Gardnerella vaginitis (antiprotozoal/antibiotic)-bacterial

What is nitrofurantoin (Macrodantin, MacroBid) used for

UTI's