A&P Study Guide. CH 2

Matter is defined as

a. Anything that has weight but no volume

b. The ability to do work

c. Energy in motion

d. Anything that takes up space and has mass

d. Anything that takes up space and has mass

The smallest unit of an element that retains its properties is the

a. Atom

b. Molecule

c. Proton

d. Neutron

a. Atom

The three subatomic particles are

a. atoms, ions, molecules

b. protons, neutrons, electrons

c. solids, liquids, gases

d. compounds, mixtures, elements

b. protons, neutrons, electrons

The subatomic particle with a negative charge is the

a. Proton

b. Neutron

c. Electron

d. Isotope

c. Electron

An element’s atomic number is equal to the number of

a. Protons

b. Neutrons

c. electrons

d. isotopes

a. Protons

An isotope differs from the standard form of the element because it has:

a. More or fewer protons

b. more of fewer neutrons

c. A different number of electrons

d. A different number of molecules

b. more of fewer neutrons

The type of bond formed by sharing electrons is

a. Ionic bond

b. hydrogen bond

c.covalent bond

d. metallic bond

c.covalent bond

Waters ability to absorb and release heat slowly is due to its:

a. Polarity

b. Hydrogen bonding

c. Ionic bonds

d. Buffering capacity

b. Hydrogen bonding

Acids are defined as substances that

a. Release hydroxide (OH-) ions

b. Neutralize salts

c. Resist changes in pH

d. Release hydrogen in (H+) ions

d. Release hydrogen in (H+) ions

The pH scale measures:

a. Temperature

b. Salt concentration

c. Acidity or alkalinity

d. Water solubility

c. Acidity or alkalinity

All matter is composed of elements

True

Protons and neutrons are found in the nucleus of an atom

True

Ionic bonds are stronger than covalent bonds

False

Water is an example of an inorganic compound

True

A neutral solution has a pH of 7

True

A ______ is a homogenous mixture of two more components

Solution

The energy of motion is called ____ energy

Kinetic

A molecule made up of two or more different elements is called a

Compound

The body uses _____ as the universal energy molecule

ATP

Proteins are made up of building blocks called

Amino acids

What is the standard Blood Pressure Rate

120/80

What is the standard Heart Rate

60/80

What is the standard Respiratory Rate

12-20 breaths per minute

What is the standard temperature

98.6º

What is the standard PH

7.4 (7.35-7.45)

4 main chemicals in the body

Nitrogen 3.2%

Oxygen 65%

Hydrogen 9.5%

Carbon -18.5%

What are the 4 main macromolecules of the body (ORGANIC compounds)

Carbohydrates

Lipids

Nucleic Acids

Protein

Carbohydrates

Building Block: monosaccharide

Function: Quick Energy/ Emerge source

Example: Glucose, Starch

Lipids

Building Block: Fatty Acids (Glycerol)

Function: Energy storage/ Insulation

Example: Fats, Oil, Steroids

Proteins

Building Block: Amino Acids

Function: Structure , Builds muscle/tissue , Enzyme transport

Example: Hemoglobin, Antibodies, Enzymes

Nucleic Acids

Building Blocks: Nucleotides (Nitrogenous base)

Function: Store and transmit genetic info

Example: DNA, RNA

The process of joining monomers together by removing a water molecule is called

Dehydration synthesis

The process of breaking down a polymer into its monomers by adding water is

Hydrolysis

small, repeating, subunits that links together to form larger molecules are called

Monomers

Large molecules made of many repeating monomers linked together are called

Polymers

The monomer that links together to form a protein is the

Amino acid

The monomer that links together to from DNA and RNA is the

Nucleotide ( Nitrogenus base)

A solution with a pH less than 7 is considered

Acidic

A solution with a pH greater than 7 is considered

Basic

A solution with a pH of exactly 7, such as pure water, is considered

Neutral

A substance that releases hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved in water is called an

Acid

A substance that accepts hydrogen ions or release hydroxide ions (OH-) ions is called

Base

The pH scale ranges from

0 to 14

A chemical system that resists changes in pH by absorbing excess H+ or OH- ions is called a

Buffer

The body’s ability to maintain a stable internal environment including a blood pH between 7.35 and 7.45 is called

Homeostasis

Water is described as a ____ molecule because it has slightly negative and a slightly positive end

Polar

The attraction of water molecule to other different substances is called

Adhesion

Because of cohesion water molecules form a thin, film like later at their surface known as

Surface Tension

Water can absorb or release a large amount of heat with only a small change in its own temperature. This property is called high

heat capacity

Because so many substances can dissolve in it, water is often referred to as the

Universal solvent

A substance that dissolves easily in water is described as

hydrophilic

A substance that does not dissolve in water such as oil is described as

hydrophobic

In a solution the substance being dissolved is called the

solute

The substance doing the dissolving is called that

solvent

4 levels of protein structures

Polypeptide

Alpha Helix Beta pleated sheet

Tertiary

Quaternary

DNA & RNA

DNA : Adenine , Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine

RNA: (Uracil)

3 parts to RNA

Trna - Copy mechnacism

Rrna-The building

Mrna - Messanger

What is the red bond

Red bond - Potential Energy (Waiting to be released)

Types of ATP

Chemical Work

ATP comes in and builds bond and releases phosphate group

Transport Work

ATP drives the transport of certain solutes

Mechanical work

ATP activates contractile proteins

Explain how waters polarity allows it to form hydrogen bonds with other water molecules

Creates opposite partial charges on each molecule

Describe two ways that waters high heat capacity helps the human body maintain a stable internal temperature

Absorbing metabolic heat, dispersing heat through blood

Why is water such an effective medium for blood to transport nutrients, gases, and waist throughout the body?

Because water is a universal solvent

Breaks apart molecules in blood, so it can bring things

Explain why oil and water do not mix using the terms hydrophilic and hydrophobic

Oil is hydrophobic, so it resists from adhesion from water whereas water is hydrophilic

The pH scale is logarithmic meaning each whole number step represents a 10 full change in H plus concentration. Explain why a solution with pH 2 is much more acidic than a solution with pH 5.

pH 2 is exponentially more acidic than pH five since its a distance of 3 (10³⁾ =1000 more acidic

Human blood has a normal pH range of 7.35–7.45. Is blood slightly acidic, neutral slightly basic.

Blood is slightly basic

Explain what could happen to your body cells and enzymes if blood pH drop significantly below or rose significantly above the normal range

More than the body can handle breaks apart, so enzymes can denature

Why are buffers important for maintaining homeostasis in the human body?

They absorb excess ions to maintain pH in the blood

Explain the relationship between dehydration synthesis, and hydrolysis. How are they opposite processes?

Hydrolysis (Break down) is broken apart by water for

Dehydration Synthesis (Building) is removing water to join together

Describe one way carbohydrates, one way lipids and one way proteins are used in the human body

Carbohydrates provide energy,

lipids, provide energy storage

proteins, help with building and repairing tissues

DNA and RNA are both nucleic acids built from nucleotide monomer. Why do you think their structure makes the most unit to store and transmit genetic information

Their structural build makes us who we are. They are arranged in specific sequences.

Types of Energy

Chemical Energy

Electrical Energy

Mechanical Energy

Radiant Energy

Saturated vs Unsaturated

Unsaturated fats- cannot pack together closely enough to be solid (Olive oil)

Saturated Fat- Can pack close enough together to be solid (Coconut)

Chemicals that participate in a chemical reaction

Reactants

All the chemical reactions that occur in an organism

Metabolism

Energy requires to start a chemical reaction

Activation Energy

A substance that an enzyme acts upon

Substrate

When molecules interact and change to produce something different

Chemical reaction

The substances that are formed as a result of a chemical reaction

Products