IB Paper 3-Chapter 10-Peace Settlements

Treaties in The Paris Settlement?

Treaty of Versailles, Saint-Germain-en-laye, Trianon, Neuilly, and Severes

Difficulties facing peacemakers in Paris Settlement

• Four Empires(Russia, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottomans) fell, and the diverse peoples in these states wanted self determination

• The victors had divided intentions

• Europe was suffering from both end of war and Spanish Flu

• The West was sacred of Communism rising

War aims of Austria in WWI

Stem Serbian Nationalism

War aims of Germany in WWI

Expand territory and secure dominance in Europe.

War aims of France in WWI

Wanted to reclaim Alsace-Lorraine and punish Germany

War aims of Britian in WWI

Balance desire of punishing Germany with preventing a communist uprising

War of US in WWI

Wilson’s 14 points: Including no secret diplomacy, self determination encouraged, and a league of nations created.

Terms of the Treaty of Versailles(1919)

-War guilt clause: Germany accepts fault for the war and pays heavy reparations

-Army limited to 100 000 men

-Size of fleet limited

-Germany lost all colonies

-Rhineland demilitarized; Germany lost territory to France(Alsace-Lorraine) and Poland(Polish Corridor)

Why did Germany and other states lose so much territory after WWI?

Direct consequence of self-determination-someone had to give up land

Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye(1919)

• Reparations for new Austria;army limited

• Many territories lost: including to Poland, Cezchoslovakaia, Romania, Yugoslavia, and Italy. Hungary also made indepedant state.

• Union with Germany forbidden

Treaty of Trianon(1920)

• Created Hungary as a successor to Austria-Hungary

• Reparations and army limited

• Conceded 75% of its territory and 60% of people

• Hungary unsatisfied with the terms

Treaty of Neuilly(1919)

Bulgaria forced to give up territories, limit its army, and pay reparations

Treaty of Sevres(1920)

Ottomans gave up all non-turkish territories, including in the Middle East, Armenia, Smyrna, and the Black Sea Straits.

Treaty of Lausanne(1923)

After Greece defeated in Smyrna, it was forced to give back territories. The turks also regained some control of The Straits and had their finances back under their control.

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk(1918)-Context

• Before the Paris system-between Germany, Austria-Hungary and Post Revolution Russia

• The treaty was heavily controversial;Leon Trotsky didn’t want to accept the terms

• As such, Germany continued to invade Russia

• Lenin used all his power to force Russia to accept the terms

• Russia signed bc they believed a world revolution was inevitable and it was necessary to save their revolution.

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk(1918)-Terms

• Surrendered Western part of the Countries, Areas in Southern Caucasus given to Turkey, Some countries like Finland and Ukraine made independent states

• Heavy Reparations

• Russia lost 1/3 of its population, much of its arable land, and 80% of its coal mines

What did these treaties mean for Europe?

• Creation of a number weak European states

• Ottomans lost the middle East

• The resentment in Germany, as well as the financial burden it caused, in addition to the weak states, were the building block that led Hitler into power