KINS 4510 Exam 1

how much muscle glycogen does the body store in an average, well-nourished 80kg man?

400g

how much liver glycogen does the body store in an average, well-nourished 80kg man?

100g

the process by which glucose is synthesized largely from structural components of noncarbohydrate sources is which of the following

gluconeogenesis

the pancreas alpha cells secrete which of the following to normalize blood sugar concentration

glucagon

the pancreas beta cells secrete which of the following to normalize blood sugar concentration

insulin

which of the following is an enzyme activated during exercise via cyclic AMP to facilitate glycogenolysis in the liver and active muscles

glycogen phosphorylase

which of the following is/are explanations for why fat oxidation is relatively slow compared to carbohydrate oxidation?

FFA mobilization from adipose

FFA uptake by muscle cells

FFA transport in mitochondria

according to Bergstrom et al.'s 1967 article, Diet, muscle glycogen, and physical performance, what was the effect of high carbohydrate-low fat diet vs. high fat-low carbohydrate diet on initial muscle glycogen and on time to exhaustion respectively?

increase, increase

according to the textbook, what is the difference between recommended daily carbohydrate intake for an athlete vs. a sedentary 70kg person's daily intake?

+100-300g

As exercise progresses over the course of 6 hours, the contribution to energy expenditure from carbohydrate ____, and from fat _____, which _____ the RG values.

decreases, increases, decreases

regular aerobic exercise is able to change how well an individual's tissues oxidize long-chain fatty acids by which of the following mechanisms?

increased quantity of enzymes involved in beta oxidation

average recommended protein intakes for non-athletes is which of the following?

0.8g/kg body mass

the recommended daily protein intake for the average athlete is how much greater than those recommended for non-athletes, base on the textbook?

1.2-1.8g/kg body mass

excretion of sweat urea nitrogen during exercise, according to the Lemon, Nagel et al. paper presented in the textbook figure, follows what pattern?

higher for low CHO diet vs. high CHO diet treatment

After 4 hours, the liver's output of alanine derived glucose accounts __________% of total liver glucose release, according to your textbook:

45%

what is a more intrusive or involved measurement

RER

At rest, trained muscles have an increased amount of all of the following except:

A) ATP.

B) PCr.

C) glycogen.

D) lactate.

lactate

physiological changes associated with aerobic training include increases in all of the following except

A) heart volume.

B) muscle capillarization.

C) mitochondria.

D) reaction time.

reaction time

all of the following are exercise-induced changes in cardiac muscle except

A) reduced power output.

B) increased sensitivity to Ca2+.

C) reduction in protein breakdown.

D) increase in number of contractile filaments.

reduced power output

aerobic training is associated with alteration in the

thickness of ventricular walls

endurance training results in lower resting heart rates primarily because of

greater vagal dominance

aerobic training alters exercising blood flow such that

type 1 fibers receive more

aerobic training increases blood flow to skeletal muscles during maximal exercise because of all of the following except

A) larger maximal cardiac output.

B) greater capillarization of muscle.

C) fewer type II fibers.

D) reduced flow to nonactive tissues.

fewer type II fibers

Which of the following effects does training have on ventilator muscular function?

decreased oxygen consumption

factors that significantly influence an individual's response to training include all of the following except

A) training intensity.

B) training duration.

C) nuclear something

D) initial level of fitness.

nuclear something

To lose weight, all of the following are recommended except:

A) exercise 3 or more days/week.

B) exercise for at least 60 min.

C) just do resistance training.

D) expend at least 300 kcal.

just do resistance training

the ACSM recommendation for a "well-rounded training program" includes

aerobic and resistance training and flexibility exercises

physical activity that corresponds to higher levels of energy expenditure and physiological strain produces

higher RPE ratings

Fartlek training consists of

fast and slow running over level and hilly terrain

determining an appropriate interval workout includes all of the following except

A) intensity of exercise interval.

B) duration of exercise interval.

C) length of recovery interval.

D) intensity of fartlek periods.

intensity of fartlek periods

interval training incorporates ____ to allow for higher intensity during the work intervals

recovery intervals

what is SIIT training

sprints of 30 secs

the sympathetic form of overtraining is characterized by

hyperoexcitability

all of the following are changes that occur with anaerobic power training except

A) increased levels of anaerobic substrates.

B) increased capacity to generate high levels of blood lactate during all-out exercise.

C) decreased quantity of enzymes that control the anaerobic phase of glucose catabolism.

D) increases in the activity of enzymes that control the anaerobic phase of glucose catabolism.

decreased quantity of enzymes that control the anaerobic phase of glucose metabolism

true or false; optimal training benefits are obtained when training programs follow textbook predetermined specifics for frequency, intensity, and duration

false

true or false; loss of physiologic adaptations occurs gradually when an individual terminates participation in regular exercise

false

true or false; training does not change basic muscle fiber types to any great extent

true

true or false; the greatest improvement in measuring aerobic capacity occurs when the test exercise duplicates the training exercise

true

true or false; arm exercise produces lower HRmax than leg exercise

true

true or false: no threshold duration per workout exists for optimal aerobic improvements

true

exercise intensity may be expressed in power output, heart rate, or rating of ______

perceived exhaustion

when using a percentage of maximal _____ _____, the capabilities of the heart and vessels are reflected

heart rate

training muscle has a greater capacity to use ____ triglycerols as the primary source for fatty acid oxidation

intramuscular

trained muscle exhibits an enhanced capacity to oxidize carbohydrate during ____ exercise

maximal

extensive endurance training causes an increase in the size of the left ventricular cavity, a process described as ____ hypertrophy

eccetric

endurance training causes the heart's stroke volume to ____ during rest and exercise

increase

trained persons perform ____ exercise with a lower cardiac output than untrained persons

submaximal

maximal exercise ventilation increases from increases in tidal volume and ____ as maximal oxygen consumption increases

breathing rate

aerobic capacity improves if exercise intensity regularly maintains heart rate between ___ and ___% of maximum

55, 70

potential exercise risks of intense maternal exercise that could alter fetal growth and development includes a reduced fetal ______ supply

glucose

what is the process called in which sound waves are used to "map" myocardial dimensions

echocardiography

when referring to specificity, what does the acronym SAID stand for?

specific adaptations to imposed demands

when training for specific aerobic activities, the overload must engage the appropriate muscles required by the activity and provide exercise at a level sufficient to stress what system

cardiovascular

an increase in what represents that most significant adaptation in cardiovascular function with aerobic training

maximum cardiac output

training-induced physiological adaptations depend primarily on what aspect of overload

intensity

how does the approximate average cardiac output compare for trained and untrained individuals?

about the same

increasing the end-diastolic volume of the heart will not cause which of the following

A) Stretching of the myocardium

B) Decreasing strength of the contraction

C) Increasing strength of the contraction

D) Increasing volume of blood ejected during systole

decreasing strength of the contraction

approximately how much of the end-diastolic volume remains in the left ventricle after systole in the upright position?

50-70mL

which of the following variables is not present during cardiovascular shift?

A) Rise in core temperature

B) Progressive water loss through sweating

C) Fluid shift from plasma to tissues

D) Increase in stroke volume

increase in stroke volume

at rest, what is the normal amount of oxygen returned unused to the heart in 5mL of blood?

750mL

when moving from rest toward maximal exercise, how does a woman's a-vO2 difference rate compare to a man's?

5-10% lower

what is the highest oxygen consumption achieved during exercise called?

VO2max

how does oxygen consumption during submaximal exercise compare for arms and legs

arms have a higher VO2max

which of the following statements would be true for submaximal exercise that is achieves through arm ergometry?

A) Arm exercise has higher oxygen consumption demands than leg exercise at submaximal levels.

B) Leg exercise always has higher oxygen consumption demands no matter what the level of exercise.

C) Arm exercise has lower oxygen consumption demands than leg exercise at submaximal levels.

D) Arm and leg exercise have the same oxygen consumption demands at submaximal levels.

Arm exercise has higher oxygen consumption demands than leg exercise at submaximal levels

during big muscle activities such as running and cycling at maximal intensity, muscle blood flow accounts for approximately how much of the total cardiac output?

80-85%

what is another name for a-vO2 difference

oxygen extraction

which of the following does not increase the heart's stroke volume?

A) Enhanced cardiac filling and ejection

B) Neurohormonal influence

C) Training adaptations that expand blood volume

D) Training adaptations that increase resistance to blood flow

training adaptations that increase resistance to blood flow

approximately how much of the cardiac output flows to the muscle tissue at rest?

one fifth

true or false; gravity affects cardiac output

true

true or false; a more optimal arrangement of the sarcomere's myofilaments as the muscle fiber stretches probably enhances contractility

true

true or false; a limitation of CO2 rebreathing is that it requires the subject to exercise under steady-state aerobic metabolism

true

true or false; during exercise, the major portion of the cardiac output is diverted to the skin

false

true or false; for trained individuals, blood redistribution begins in the anticipatory period just prior to exercise

true

true or false; exercise prescriptions based on running and cycling can be applied to arm exercise

false

the _____-______ law of heart associated increased end-diastolic volumes with increased contraction of the heart

Frank-Starling

the typical resting cardiac output for men is _____L, while the typical resting cardiac output for women is_____L

5,4

during upright resting conditions, approximately ____ to ____ mL of the total end-diastolic volume remains in the heart after systole

50, 70

the Fick equation expresses the relationship among cardiac output, oxygen consumption, and ____.

a-vO2 difference

stroke volume and cardiac output of women average about ____% below values for men

25

With a leveling off of stroke volume at approximately 50% of maximal oxygen consumption, cardiac output can only increase by increasing __________ __________.

heart rate

some of the factors that contribute to a large stroke volume and low heart rate of endurance-trained athletes are an increased ___ ton and increased myocardial ____>

vagal, contractility

environmental stress, level of fatigue, and exercise ____ and ___ can all affect regional blood flow during exercise

mode, intensity

a 5- to 6-L increase in blood flow accompanies each ____-L increase in oxygen consumption above the resting value

1

lower mechanical ____ and recruitment of additional musculature to stabilize the ____ produce an additional oxygen cost at higher intensities of the arm when compares to leg exercise

efficiency, torso

in a normal aerobic exercising condition, what blood-bound protein transports oxygen around to the active muscles?

hemoglobin

during resting conditions, the highest percentage of blood is distributed to what organ of the body?

liver

besides the direct Fick and CO2 rebreathing methods, what other way can you assess cardiac output?

indicator dilution

what term describes an increased resistance to blood flow in the arterial circuit from exercise-induced elevation of systolic blood pressure

afterload

how much delay occurs between the time the atria receive the electrical impulse and pass it to the AV node?

0.10 sec

if fully dilates, the body's blood vessels could hold approximately 20L of blood, which is how much more than normal?

4x

Poiseuille's Law expresses the general relationship among pressure differential, resistance, and flow. Which of the following variables are indirectly related to flow?

viscosity and vessel length

what controls heart rate and myocardial contractility during bouts of aerobic exercise?

the neural command center

which of the following actions do not affect venous return

blood volume

at rest, in muscle tissue, only one of every 30 to 40 of what type of blood vessel remains open

capillaries

the term tachycardia refers to heart rate rhythms that are approximately how many beats per minute?

>100 bpm

a decrease in which metabolic change will cause autoregulatory vasodilation in active muscles?

tissue oxygen

autoregulatory mechanisms for blood flow reflect what key products of exercise?

elevated tissue metabolism and increased oxygen need

which of the following cannot provoke NO synthesis and release from the vascular endothelium?

A) Sheering stress

B) Vessel stretch from blood flow

C) A decrease in blood flow

D) Stimuli from neurotransmitters

a decrease in blood flow

transplant patients demonstrate impaired exercise capacity and diminished physiologic and hemodynamic function; the patients rarely exceed what percentage of normal funstion?

45-70%

a chronotropic effect causes the heart to

Increase its rate of beating