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Which is the most common type of biological vector of human disease?
Arthropods
A mosquito bites a person who subsequently develops a fever and abdominal rash. What type of transmission would this be?
Biological vector transmission
Cattle are allowed to pasture in a field that contains the farmhouse well, and the farmer’s family becomes ill with a gastrointestinal pathogen after drinking the water. What type of transmission of infectious agents would this be?
Vehicle transmission
A blanket from a child with chickenpox is likely to be contaminated with the virus that causes chickenpox (Varicella-zoster virus). What is the blanket called?
Fomite
Which of the following would NOT be considered an emerging disease?
Tuberculosis
Which of the following would NOT be considered a reemerging disease?
West Nile virus fever/encephalitis
Which of the following factors can lead to reemergence of a disease?
A period of decline in vaccination rates
Why are emerging diseases with very few cases the focus of intense scrutiny?
They are increasing and therefore not controlled
Sporadic disease
a disease found occasionally in a region with cases occurring mainly in isolation from each other
Endemic disease
a disease found regularly in a region
Pandemic disease
a disease in higher than expected numbers around the world
Morbidity rate
the number of disease cases per 100,000 individuals
Mortality rate
the number of deaths from a disease for every 10,000 individuals
Experimental
use of a set of test subjects (human or animal) and control subjects that are treated the same as the test subjects except for the specific treatment being studied
Analytical
observing groups of individuals to look for associations with disease
Prospective
a comparison of a cohort of individuals through the course of the study
Descriptive
examination of current case histories, interviews with patients and their contacts, interpretation of medical test results; frequently conducted while an outbreak is still in progress
Retrospective
examination of past case histories and medical test results conducted on patients in an outbreak
Florence Nightingale
compiled data on causes of mortality in soldiers, leading to innovations in military medical care
Robert Koch
developed a methodology for conclusively determining the etiology of disease
Joseph Lister
showed that surgical wound infection rates could be dramatically reduced by using carbolic acid to disinfect surgical tools, bandages, and surgical sites
John Snow
determined the source of a cholera outbreak in London