Bio Week 1 (section 1.1, 2.2-2.4)

tissue

collection of specialized cells; multicellular life only (epidermis of leaf)

what is bio

the study of scientific life

what are the 5 main themes of bio

organization, information, energy and matter, interaction, and evolution

properties of life

order (like sunflower symmetry), evolutionary adaptation (change to better blend with environment), regulation, energy processing, growth and development (butterfly life cycle), response to environment, and reproduction (reproduce ones own kind)

what are the levels of biological organization (smallest to largest)

atom, molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere

atom

smallest chemical unit of a pure substance (C)

molecule

group of joined atoms (dna)

organelle

membrane bound structure with a specific function (chloroplasts)

cell

fundamental unit of life (leaf cell)

organ

structure consisting of tissues organized to interact and carry function (leaf)

organ system

organs connected that function together (above ground tree parts)

organism

single living individual (tree)

population

group of the same species of organism in the same place and time (acacia trees in the savanna)

community

all populations that occupy the same region (all populations in the savanna)

ecosystem

living and nonliving components of an area (the savanna)

biosphere

global ecosystem, parts of the planet and atmosphere where life is possible

reductionism

the reduction of complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable to study

emergent properties

New properties that arise with each step upward in the hierarchy of life, owing to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases.

emergent properties example

a functioning bicycle emerges only when all of the necessary parts connect in the correct way

each level of the biological hierarchy finds a correlation between _____

structure and function

structure

The arrangement of parts in an organism

function

the special, normal, or proper activity of an organ or part

prokaryote cells

single cell organisms including bacteria and archaea

eukaryote cells

all other forms of organisms including plants and animals; have membrane bound organelles, nucleus with DNA, and usually larger than prokaryotes)

within cells, where is genetic material (DNA) held?

within chromosomes; each chromosome contains one long DNA molecule with 100s of thousands of genes

genes

the process of info from an gene into a cellular product

gene expression

the process of information from a gene into a cellular product

what provides the blueprint for making a protein

the DNA sequence because this allows the formation of complementary strands

central dogma

when DNA is transcribed into RNA and translated into protei

nucleotides

building blocks of nucleic acids like DNA (thymine, adenine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil)

what are the nucleotides found in DNA

adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine

what are the nucleotides found in RNA

adenine, guanine, cytosine and uracil

gathering and converting energy from ____ is essential to life

the sun

consumers

organisms that feed on other organisms and their remains

chemical energy from ______ (producers) is passed along to ______

plants and other photosynthetic organisms, consumers

interactions among components of a system ensure

smooth integration of all parts; can interact among one system or multiple

feedback regulation

where the product of a process regulates that very process, may be positive or negative

negative feedback

response reduces the initial stimulus; the most common feedback regulation

neg. feedback example

introduction of insulin to blood stream reducing blood glucose levels

positive feedback

where the response increases the production

3 domains of life

bacteria, eukarya, archaea

kingdoms

plants (photosynthetic multicellular eukaryotes), animals (multicelluar eukaryote that consumes others), fungi , and protists (unicellular eukaryotes)

atom is…

smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of that element

what is an atom composed of

sub atomic particles- protons neutrons and electrons

what is the nucleus of an atom composed of

protons and neutrons; they have a similar weight and make up the mass number

electrons are ignored when accounting for atomic mass because...

their weight is so small, it does not make a difference in the mass

what does the atomic number tell us about an atom

the number of protons and the number of electrons if the atom is neutral. (if the atom is not neutral we must add or subtract electrons based on the charge)

isotopes

the number of protons and the number of electrons if the atom is neutral. (if the atom is not neutral we must add or subtract electrons based on the charge)

energy

the capacity to cause change through work

potential energy

energy an atom possesses because of location or structure

Matter has a tendency to move to the ______ possible state of potential energy

lowest

essential elements

Matter has a tendency to move to the ______ possible state of potential energy

what elements make up 96% of living matter

hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen (the remaining 4% is mostly calcium, phosphorus, potassium ,and sulfur)

trace elements

required by an organism in only minute quantities

valence electrons

those in the outermost shell

atoms with the same valence electrons have ____ chemical behavior

similar (they will be in the same group on the periodic table)

elements with a full valence shell are

noble gasses, chemically inert

elements with 1 or 7 electrons in the valence shell are

very reactive (like chlorine or sodium)

chemical bonds

An attraction between two atoms resulting from a sharing of outer-shell electrons. The bonded atoms usually gain complete outer electron shells.

bonding capacity is called the atom’s…

valence

what are the main kinds of bonds in chemistry

covalent bond (sharing of electrons) and ionic bonds (complete transfer of electrons)

in a covalent bond electrons are…

part of both atom’s valence shell

molecule

consists of 2+ atoms held together by a covalent bond

kinds of covalent bonds and how many

3, single, double, and triple bonds

electronegativity

an atoms attraction for electrons; the more electronegative, they more strongly it pulls atoms toward itself

nonpolar covalent bonds share electrons..

equally

polar covalent bonds share electrons...

unequally, where one has the electrons more

what does the unequal sharing of electrons cause

partial positive and negative charges for each atom in the molecule

what is the polarity of water

very polar

ionic bonds are caused by large electro negativity differences, and one atom will...

steal an electron, resulting in two ions

anion

negatively charged molecule

cation

positively charged molecule

an ionic bond is best described as..

the electric attraction between ions (this means they can be easily dissolved)

what are the weak forms of bonding (intermolecular forces)

hydrogen bonding and van der waal's forces

H bond

forms when a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to an electronegative atom is attracted to an electronegative atom (best seen within water)

van der waal's interactions

attractions between molecules that are very close together as a result of these charges

how does molecular shape influence biology

influences how molecules recognize and respond to each other

chemical reactions

the making and breaking of chemical bonds

starting molecules of a chemical reaction

reactants

final molecules of a chemical reaction

products