Chapter 7 - Biol 233

Condyle

rounded articular projection

Facet

smooth, nearly flat articular surface

Head

bony expansion carried on a narrow neck

Crest

Narrow ridge of bone; usually prominent

Epicondyle

projection above a condyle

Line

Narrow ridge of bone; less prominent than a crest

Process

any bony prominence

Protuberance

a bony outgrowth or protruding part

Spine

sharp, slender, or narrow process

Trochanter

Two massive processes unique to the femur

Tubercle

Small rounded projection or process

Tuberosity

Rough elevated surface

Alveolus

A pit or socket (tooth socket)

Fossa

a shallow, broad, or elongated basin

Fovea

small pit

Sulcus

a groove for a tendon, nerve, or blood vessel

Canal

a tubular passage or tunnel in a bone

Fissure

a slit through a bone

Foramen

a hole through a bone, usually round

Meatus

A canal

Sinus

air-filled space in bone

Axial Skeleton

Skull and associated bones, thoracic cage, and vertebral column

Appendicular Skeleton

Pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, and lower limbs

Functions of the Axial Skeleton

1. Provides a framework; support and protects
2. provides extensive surface are for the attachment of muscles of head, neck. and trunk
3. Stabilizes or positions part of the appendicular skeleton
4. Performs respiratory movements

Functions of the Appendicular Skeleton

Allows for movement and manipulations of objects (moving objects around)

Thoracic Cage Bones

Thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12), Ribs, and Sternum

Thoracic Cage Functions

1. Protects the organs of the thoracic cavity
2. Muscle attachment points for muscles involved in respiration
3. Maintenance of the position of the vertebral column
4. Movements of the pectoral girdle and upper limbs

True Ribs (1-7)

Attach directly to the sternum

False Ribs (8-12)

ribs that do not have a direct attachment to the sternum

Ribs 8-10

vertebrochondral ribs

Ribs 11 and 12

floating ribs

Cervical Region

Cervical vertebrae (C1-C7)

Thoracic Region

Thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12)

Lumbar Region

Lumbar Vertebrae (L1-L5)

Sacral Region

Sacrum (fused sacral vertebrae) S1-S5

Coccygeal Region

Coccyx (fused coccygeal vertebrae) C01 to C03-05

Spinal curvatures

cervical curvature, thoracic curvature, lumbar curvature, sacral curvature

Cervical curvature

Secondary curve, develops as an infant leans to balance weight of the head on vertebrae of the neck

Thoracic Curvature

Primary curve, accommodates the Thoracic organs

Lumbar curvature

Secondary curve, balances weight of trunk over the lower limbs; develops with ability to stand

Sacral/Pelvic curvature

Primary curve, accommodates the abdominopelvic organs

Kyphosis

Humpback, bent or slouching posture. The thoracic curvature is exaggerated

Kyphosis causes

Osteoporosis with compression fractures, intervertebral disc degeneration between thoracic vertebrae, abnormal vertebral growth

Lordosis

Lumbar curvature is exaggerated

Lordosis causes

Pregnancy, obesity, and weakness of the muscles of the abdominal wall.

Scoliosis

Lateral crookedness

Scoliosis causes

Development problems (damage to vertebral bodies), muscular paralysis affecting one side of the body, and it is idiopathic in girls during adolescence

Female pelvis characteristics

Smoother, lighter and wider than a male pelvis. Less prominent muscle and ligament attachments. Pelvis modifications for childbearing

Female Sacrum

Broader with the inferior part directed more posteriorly

Male Sacrum

Sacral promontory does not project as far anteriorly in females

Female Pelvic inlet

Oval shaped

Male Pelvic inlet

Heart-shaped

Female Subpubic angle

90 degrees or more in females

Male Subpubic angle

Less than 90 degrees in males

Female ilium

More shallow and flared laterally in females

Female ischial spines

Farther apart

Female Ischial tuberosities

turned laterally

Male Ischial tuberositites

Turned medially

True Pelvis (Lesser Pelvis)

Encloses the pelvic cavity. Includes the Pelvic brim and Pelvic outlet

Pelvic Brim

Upper edge of true pelvis. Encloses pelvic inlet

Pelvic outlet

Inferior outlet of true pelvis

False pelvis (Greater Pelvis)

Encloses the inferior portion of the abdominal cavity

Longitudinal arches of feet

Medial longitudinal arch, lateral longitudinal arch

Curvature between posterior and anterior parts of the foot

Transverse arch

Curvature between medial and lateral borders of foot

Spina Bifida

Open spine or split spine. Condition resulting from failure of the vertebral laminae uniting during development

Laminectomy

Surgery that creates space by removing bone spurs and tissues associated with arthritis of the spine

Herniated Disc

Fibrocartilaginous pad of intervertebral disc slips out of place or ruptures