Research 202 - Midterms Exam TERMS REVIEWER

Descriptive

to observe and report on a certain phenomenon

Correlational

to determine the nature of the relationship between variables without looking into the cause

Ex post facto

to infer the causes of a phenomenon which has already occurred

Quasi-experimental

to establish cause-and-effect relationships (uses non-random criteria)

Experimental

to establish cause-and-effect relationships (randomly assigns participants to groups)

Numeric Variables

a quantifiable characteristic whose values are numbers; may be either continuous or discrete

Continuous

Measurable

Discrete

Countable

Categorical Variables

variables that represent groups or categories rather than numbers or measurements

Nominal

Categories that do not have a specific order.

Ordinal

Categories that have a natural order or ranking, but the distance between them is not measured.

Dichotomous

A categorical variable with only two possible categories.

Polychotomous (Polytomous)

A categorical variable with more than two categories.

Experimental Variables

these are the elements or factors in a research study that can change and influence the outcome of an experiment.

Independent Variable

The variable that the researcher changes or controls on purpose.

Dependent Variable

The variable that is measured or observed to see the effect of the independent variable.

Extraneous Variable

Any other variable that is not being studied but might affect the results if not controlled

Non-Experimental

The researcher does not manipulate variables. Instead, they observe and analyze relationships between variables as they naturally occur.

Predictor Variable

The variable that is used to predict the outcome or another variable.

Criterion Variable

The variable that is being predicted or explained

Univariate

Involves the study of only one variable.

Bivariate

Involves the study of two variables.

Polyvariate (Multivariate)

Involves the study of three or more variables.

Research Topic

The general area of interest you want to study.

Research Problem

The specific issue within the topic you will focus on

Problem Statement

A clear explanation of the issue your study addresses and why it matters.

Research Questions

They are the specific questions you want to answer. 

Background of the Study

Explains the context of your research and shows the gap in knowledge that your study will address.

Conceptual Framework

Serves as a roadmap for your research.

Significance of the Study

Explains how your research will benefit individuals, groups, or institutions.

Scope and Delimitation

Defines the boundaries of your study and explains what is included and excluded

Related Literature

Theories, concepts, background info; not necessarily research-based

Related Studies

Based on actual quantitative research; includes methods and results

Clean Water and Sanitation

SDG 6

Affordable and Clean Energy

SDG 7

Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure

SDG 9

Sustainable Cities and Communities

SDG 11

Climate Action

SDG 13