The Second Sino-Japanese War

What is another name that the Chinese call the 2nd Sino-Japanese War?

Anti-Japanese War

What was the main reason Japan invaded Manchuria?

Manchuria was rich in resources. Japan needed resources.

What was Chiang Kai-shek doing instead of strengthening China before the 2nd Sino-Japanese War?

Fighting the Communists

What was the Marco Polo Bridge Incident?

Japan carried-out military maneuvers without telling China. Minor conflict that escalated to war

Why did the Japanese attack after the Marco Polo Bridge Incident?

There was one missing man in the bathroom that the Japanese thought the Chinese had captured. (Overreaction)

What was Chiang Kai-shek's policy with fighting the Japanese?

Non-aggression policy to avoid open war

Chiang Kai-shek made the first move in the battle of Shanghai. Who did he send, what was their mission, and what went wrong?

Chinag Kai-shek sent in the Chinese Air Force on a mission to destroy the Japanese Navy in Shanghai. They ended up dropping their bombs on the people of Shanghai. There was no sign that the Japanese were going to start a war.

How long did the Japanese think that the Battle for Shanghai would last? How long was it?

3 days... turned into 3 months

Who did Chiang Kai-shek send to Shanghai during the Japanese invasion?

His Elite Forces. 60% of them died

Who were the Japanese Targeting? Why?

Civilians. Trying to lower their moral so they'll pressure their government to make peace

What were the 3 All's?

Kill All, Burn All, Destroy All

Why was the Rape of Nanking so bad?

The Military and Government left the city hoping the Japanese would pass it by. Japanese brutally sacked the town.

How many people died in the Rape of Nanking?

200K-400k

Why did the Japanese commit such violent acts at Nanking?

Seeking revenge for fallen comrades in Shanghai

What game did 2 Japanese officers play?

Who could cut off 100 heads the fastest

Why did the US embargo the Japanese?

Japanese try to expand into French Indo-China, France is a US ally.

What percentage of Oil did Japan import? how much was US Oil?

90% was imported 80% was American Oil

Why did the Japanese attack Pearl Harbor?

Japan needed oil, US embargo, Dutch East Indies had Oil, Needed the US Navy out of its way.

After the US got involved in the war, what did Chiang do about the Japanese and the Communists?

He had to command the military and run the country. He began fighting the Communists again and the Japanese had the US to deal with.

How did the Communist gain Public Favor?

Soldiers were well behaved. Communist Government sought to establish stability. Chiang used his Army against Chinese not Japanese.

What was the name of Chiang's Nationalist Army?

New 4th Army

What was the name of the Communist Army?

8th Route Army

What destroyed Chiang Kai-shek's credibility and popularity?

He turned on the Communists before the Japanese had be routed from the country

What were Japan's main 3 goals in Operation Ichigo?

1) Wanted to connect territories and expand all the way to Vietnam

2) Control the Railroads

3) Wanted to control the Air Fields (US was getting closer)

Who was the US funding during WWII and what was the money actually being used toward?

The US was funding Chiang Kai-shek but Chiang was using he money to fight the Communists

What was the Dixon Mission?

US talks with the communists in China to get to know them

What is a Pyrrhic Victory?

When one side wins but is worse off after the war

How many people died in the 2nd Sino-Japanese War?

19 million. 4 million were soldiers.

How much did the Communist Party grow during WWII?

40K to 1.2 Million

900,000 men in arms

Governed 96 million

How many governments were there in China during WWII?

3: KMT, CCP, and Japanese Puppet Governments

Was Chiang successful in stabilizing the government after the War?

No, he let the puppet governments stay in power, allowed rampant corruption, and allowed his expertise-lacking cronies take high level positions

What problems did China's Economy face after WWII?

-Destroyed Infrastructure

-Horrific Inflation from overprinting money

- Foreign Currency was being used within the country

Who won the Chinese election after WWII? Who voted?

Chinag Kai Shek. Assembly would vote (filled with his cronies)

Who commanded the people's liberation army (communist)?

Zhu De

Who were 2 key generals (Communist) in the efforts to win Manchuria after WWII?

Lin Biao & Peng Pehyai

How were the Communists acquiring their weaponry?

Picked up weapons that were left behind by the Japanese

What did Chiang Kai-shek do when the Communists established their headquarters in Harbin?

Chinag sends his army into a hostile territory in a bad position. Can only resupply them by Air and Water. Communist cut off their Water supply route. Chiang lose his whole Army.

When did the CCP take over the entire country and declare the People's Republic of China?

Oct. 1, 1949

What are 3 commonalities between Confucianism and Communism?

1) both focuses on society

2) Neither involved a religion

3) Sacrifice self for what is expected

What is 1 difference between Confucianism and Communism?

Confucianism focuses on the Family, Communism focuses on the public.

Mao's Quote on Revolutions:

"Revolution is violent- it is not a dinner party."

How did Mao feel about his Father?

He hated Him

How and Where did Mao grow up?

Middle-High Peasant (Dad had some workers) in Yannan

How old was Mao when he first got married?

14. Arranged Marriage that he did not acknowledge

How did Mao become a Communist?

Moved to Beijing and worked in the University Library where he met Li Dazhau who taught him Marxism

What happened to Mao in 1923?

He was elected leader of one of the 5 CCP central committee

How many Wives did Mao have in his life time?

4. He never recognized the first one.

What positions did Mao have before 1930?

Minister of Propaganda

Was Mao a good Father/Husband

No.Lacked genuine attachment to people

What happened at the Zunyi Conference?

Leadership of the long March met and appointed Mao head of the Military. Contestants competed but Mao came out on top

Who were the government's (Communist's) enemies?

Nationalists, Bourgeoisie, Landlords, Foreign Imperialist

Who was on the standing Committee?

Zhu De, Zhou Enlai (premier), Chen Yun, Lin Shaoqi, Mao

There were 6 regional commands in China with 4 positions, what were the positions?

Party Sec.

Government Chairman

Military Commander

Army Political Commissioner

(24 leaders needed, only 13 people held positions)

Who took over leadership of Manchuria?

Gao Gang

What did Mao do with Cadre Members (Intellectuals)?

Made them work so they knew what if felt like to be a worker/peasant

What happened when Mao went to China?

Stalin couldn't stand him. Zhou Enlai came to dazzle the Russians

What happened during Mao's 'Great Land Redistribution'?

- Mao sent cadre to the countryside

- Landowners were ridiculed, abused, and millions killed

- 40% Agriculture increase. China got stronger

Why was the USA interested in Korea?

Soviets had 'raised' their communist leader. US backed the democratic leader because we did not want Japan turning Communist.

Who were the Korean Leaders during the Korean War?

Communist North: Kim Il Sung

Democratic South: Syngman Rhee

Who led the US coalition in Korea?

General Douglas MacArthor

What mistake did the US make on Oct. 7, 1950?

MacArthur led the Coalition across the 36th Parellel. This caused China to get involved; almost starting WWIII

Why did China support North Korea?

North Korea was a buffer between China (Communism) and South Korea & Japan (Democracy)

Who lead the Chinese Volunteer Army into Korea?

Peng Dehyai

What happened when the Chinese advanced on US forces?

The US retreated to the 38th Parallel, greatest retreat in military history, MacArthur got fired.

How did Russia help the North in the Korean War?

They only supplied resources, no soldiers

Where did the KMT flea to?

Taiwan

What happens to China and Taiwan?

China moves toward a Soviet Model, 5 year plan

Taiwan is recognized by US and we sign a Defense Treaty