FinalExam_2024_MedievalHungary_AL

Tribal alliance

political decision of greater groups of nomadic peoples, forming a common unit - usually for fighting

semi-nomadic lifestyle

a phase in the lives of nomadic people when they start being bound to the land - appearance of horiculture and crop-growing

tribe

a social group made up of families or clans

prince

nomadic leader of a tribe

dual principality

political leadership of the nomadic Kazhar and Hungarian peoples. Two princes: gyula (the military leader) and kende (practical leader)

plundering campaigns

military operations of Hungarian after the occupation of the Carpathian basin

royal county

administrative unit of Medieval Hungary, the system before the widespread development of feudalism when much of the territoty is in the hand of the king.

conquest

Capture or taking of something by force - occupation of the Carpathian basin

bailiff

an officer of the court who is employed to execute writs and processes and make arrests in the royal county.

palatine

highest official rank following te king in Medival Hungary.

royal council

the body of men who happened to be with the king at a given time and usually including his chief officials; renaissance princes tended to prefer middle class councilors to noble ones.

Servienti Regis

free fighters in the royal counties of 11th-13th century Hungary

voivode

provincial governor of Medieval Transylvania

Holy Crown

crown of Medieval Hungary. Originally created sometime in 11th-12th centiry - cionnected to Stephen I and representing the unity and intergrity of Hungary

noble county

administrative unit of Medieval Hungary, the system after the widespread development of feudalism when much of the territoty is in the hand of the nobility

Sekler

Hungarian people of Eastern Transylvania

Saxon

a member of a Germanic people that inhabited parts of northern and eastern Hungary, mostly city dwellers

Cuman

Nomadic people settling into the Carpathian basin afetr the Mongol invasion

Mongols

nomads who came from the steppes northwest of China, invading Hungary in 1241-1242

banderium

private army of Hungarian lords

Fiorentino D'Oro

minted golden coins of 14th century Hungary

royalty

a sum of money that is paid to the king

gate tax

first national tax of Hungarian serfs introduced by Caroberto (Charles I)

free royal city

highest rank of Hungarian cities in the medieval ages. Bore all the city privileges granted by a charter from the king

mining city

special settlement of medieval Hungary. Special mining privileges granted by a charter from the king

borough

An incorporated village or town - charter and economic integrity provided by the king, the dwellers are serfs though.

baron

a nobleman; a man of great power

nobility

Second Estate - legally equal, differences in wealth

ninth

serfs' tax to be paid to their lords

aviticitas

special form of inheritance of noble lands in Hungary (just to be inherited inside the clan) - introduced by Louis I in 1351

personal union

the political system of leadership when the common monarch is the only way connecting two sovereign state.

governor

The elected leader of a state's government, replacing an unable king

border castle

fortified stone castle safeguarding a region from foreign attacks

border castle system

defence system of fortified castles on the strategic points on the Southern areas of Hungary (Szerémség, Bácska and Bánát). Started to be built by Sigismund

estate diet

Medieval parliamentary meeting, when the estates (in Hungary the two main groups of the mobility) has the possibility to limit the king's power

exceptional war tax

tax introduced by King Matthias. 1 forint/time, often collected 2 or 3 times a year

hearth tax

Wealth tax paid on each fireplace in a building. Introduced by King Matthias, replacing the earlier gate tax paid by household plot

Black Army

mercenary army of King Matthias

Corvina

codex from the library of King Matthias

895-900

the Hungarian conquest

955

the battle of Augsburg

972-997

the principality of Géza

997/1000-1038

reign of Stephen I

1077-1095

the reign of Ladislaus I

1222

the Golden Bull

1235-70

the reign of Béla IV.

1241-42

the Mongol invasion

1301

the end of the Árpáds' dynasty

1308-42

the reign of Caroberto (Charles I)

1342-82

the reign of Louis the Great

1351

the laws of Louis the Great (regarding the common rights of the nobility)

1387-1437

the reign of Sigismund of Luxembourg

1444

the battle of Várna

1456

the siege of Nándorfehérvár

1458-90

the reign of King Matthias

1172-1196

the reign of Béla III

1370

personal union bw Hungary and Poland

1479

Battle of Kenyérmező where the Black Army defeats the Ottomans

1485

Matthias takes Vienna

907

The battle of Pozsony where the Hungarians defeat the Bavarians (bajorok)

1335

Royal meeting in Visegrád (discussing the new trade route avoiding Vienna and the dynastic cooperation bw the Polish-Czech-Hungarian crowns

1396

The Battle of Nicopolis. The Turks defeat the crusaders led by Sigismund.

1443-1444

Long (winter) Campaign of Hunyadi, John

Álmos

Tribal leader of the strongest of the conqueror tribes, the Megyeri. So becomes the first prince of the Tribal Alliance of the Magyars

Árpád

son of Álmos, the leading prince of the Magyar tribes conquering the Carpathian basin

Árpád-dynasty

the descendants of Árpád, the leader of Magyars at the times of the conquests, the first royal dynasty of Hungary

Géza

Magyar Grand Prince bw 972-997

St. Stephen

first king of Hungary, foundation of the state, the county system and the Hungarian Church

Koppány

tribal leader, nephew of Géza, uncle of Vajk. According to the inheritence of the seniority he would have followed Géza in the position of a Grand Prince

St. Gellért / St Gerard

came to Hungary at the beginning of Hungary's conversion to Christianity, where he helped strengthen Christianity, he baptized Géza and his family, as a bishop and the educator of Prince Emeric, he was the first Hungarian martyr

St. Emeric

son of St. Stephen and Gizella, heir to the Hungarian throne after St. Stephen, however this plan has never been fulfilled. He was canonised for his pious life and purity along with his father and Bishop Gerard in 1083

Andreas II

Hungarian king issuing the Golden Bull in 1222

Béla IV

Hungarian king fighting for the Mongols then reorganising the life of the Hungarian kingdom 1235-1270

St Elizabeth

also known as Elisabeth of Thuringia, was a princess of the Kingdom of Hungary and the landgravine of Thuringia in Germany. After her husband's death in Thuringia, she regained her dowry, using the money to build a hospital where she herself served the sick. She became a symbol of Christian charity after her death in 1231 at the age of 24 and was canonized in 1235.

St. Margaret

Dominican nun and the daughter of King Béla IV of Hungary. Her parents vowed that if Hungary was liberated from the Mongols, they would dedicate the child to religion. Lived in Convent of the Rabbits' Island in the Danube dedicated her whole life to extreme penances and serving God.

Charles I

Angevine king of Hungary, his reforms strengthened medieval Hungary and helped it to become the supplier of gold and silver in the 14-15 century Europe

Sigismund

Hungarian king and Holy Roman Emperor who settled the Great Schism by hosting the Council of Constance, he strengthened the Hungarian cities and estate monarchy

Hunyadi, John

Regent-Governor of the Kingdom of Hungary bw 1444-1454. He mastered military tactics: adopted the Hussite method of wagon forts. He employed professional soldiers, but also mobilized local peasantry and lead attacking campaigns against the Ottoman Empire

Hunyadi, Matthias

King of Hungary: established one of the earliest professional standing armies of medieval Europe (the Black Army), reformed the administration of justice, the Hungarian economic system, reduced the power of the barons, and promoted the careers of talented individuals chosen for their abilities rather than their social statuses. He patronized art and science; his royal library, the Bibliotheca Corviniana, was one of the largest collections of books in Europe

Hapsburg-dynasty

powerful Catholic European ruling family rising to the Hungarian throne in 1437 by H. Albert

Ladislas I

Saint Ladislas - king of Hungary 1077-1095. Strengthened feudal Hungary by strict laws

Coloman

king of Hungary 1095-1116, could ease the stricts laws as feadualism stabilized in the country

Béla III

Took over after the pagan revolt and fragmentation of the nation and ruled from 1172 to 1196. He was educated in Constantinople than strengthened literacy and cultural life in Hungary. Introduced Chancellery in Hungary

Louis the Great

Ruled Kingdom of Hungary at its most powerful, introduced Entailment system (1351), king of Poland from 1370, successful foreign polcy in the Balkan

Szilágyi, Mihály

General who was Regent of Hungary (1456-1458) and Head of Szilágyi-Hunyadi Liga. Captain of Nándorfehérvár

Vitéz, John

Hungarian humanist, diplomat, Latinist, mathematician, astrologist and astronomer. He served as Archbishop of Esztergom from 1465 until his death, was the educator of Matthias, founded the University at Pozsony

Kapisztrán, John

a Franciscan friar and Catholic priest, famous as a preacher, theologian, and inquisitor, he earned himself the nickname "the Soldier Saint" when in 1456 at age 70 he led a Crusade against the invading Ottoman Empire at the siege of Belgrade with the Hungarian military commander John Hunyadi.

theory of the "two-times conquest"

Based on archeological evidence Gyula László concluded that the ancient Hungarians had actually conquered the Carpathian Basin twice: the first Hungarian-speaking population groups arrived to the Carpathian Basin around 670/680, while the second conquest was the arrival of the tribal alliance led by Árpád in 895

Avars

A people originally from western Asia who settled in eastern Europe in the sixth century, possibly related to the Huns with a nomadic lifestyle and archeological evidence that of the Hungarians

Kabars

group of nomadic people under the rule of the Khazar Khaganate then rebelled against it and joined the Magyar tribes in the steppes.

Runic writing / Old Hungarian script or Hungarian Runes (runiform)

An alphabetic writing system used for writing the Hungarian language at the times of the Conquest. After the establishment of the Christian Hungarian kingdom, the old writing system was partly forced out of use during the rule of King Stephen, and the Latin alphabet was adopted. Among some professions (e.g. shepherds who used a "rovás-stick" to officially track the number of animals) and in Transylvania, the script has remained in use by the Székely Magyars, giving its Hungarian name (székely) rovásírás.

Clause of resistance

Clause 31 of the Golden bull saying that the king is to keep the points of the Golden bull (he rights of the nobility)

rights of nobility / pivotal noble rights

guaranteed by the Golden Bull (then by the Laws of 1351)

personal freedom: guarantees personal freedom

belonging to a royal court: refers to the importance of courts and the legal path. "apart from the crowned prince, he is not subject to the power of anyone".

tax exemption: exemption from paying customs duties and other taxes

right of resistance: Article 31 of the Golden Bull

wagenburg/wagons' fort

Hussite warfare tactics: circling the wagons, a temporary fortification made of wagons arranged into a rectangle, circle, or other shape and possibly joined with each other to produce an improvised military camp

sultan

Military and political leader with absolute authority over a Muslim country

spahi

cavalry soldier of the Ottoman empire. Payment included land grant from the occupied areas.

janissary

A member of an elite mercenary force of soldiers in the Ottoman Empire.

mercenary

a professional soldier hired by a foreign army

chancellery

the position, office, or department of a chancellor - founded by Béla III in Hungary. Responible for the literacy of the court and the issuing of ducuments

Theorem of the Holy Crown

"unwritten constitution" - Hungarian tradition developed in the Middle Ages, which replaced the theory of the state that did not exist until then, and created the concept of Hungarian statehood independent of the person of the king in the idea of the "body" of the Holy Crown, of which the territory of the Kingdom of Hungary was a part.