Cell Biology, Symbiosis, and Plant Physiology Lecture Notes

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering cell organelles, cell theory pioneers, symbiotic relationships, natural selection principles, taxonomy, and plant physiology based on the lecture transcript.

Organelle

tiny cell structure that carries out a specific funcion within the cell

Cell wall

a rigid supporting layer that surrounds the cells of plants and some other organisms. It protects and supports the cell

Cell membrane

thin,flexiable barrier that surrounds and controls which substances pass in and out of the cell

Cytoplasm

gel-like fluid carries nutrients, proteins, and organelles around the cell

Nucleus

stores genetic info (DNA) and controls the cells activities

Mitochondria

Converts energy in food to energy used by cell

Chloroplast

contains chlorophyll which make food using sunlight (photosynthesis)

Vacuole

stores water, food, and waste products

Cell Theory Rule 1

All living things are composed of cells

Cell Theory Rule 2

Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things

Cell Theory Rule 3

New cells are produced from existing cells

Hooke

discovered the name “cells”

Anton von Leeuwenhoek

first to observe living organisms in water

Schleiden

proposed all plants were made of cells

Schwann

proposed all animals were made of cells

Virchow

proposed all cells came from other cells

Symbiosis

a long term interaction between two or more different species of organisms where at least one gets benefited

Mixotroph

an organism that is both a heterotroph (eats plants/animals) and a autotroph (makes it own food through photosynthesis); Ex: venus flytrap, coral

Coral Bleaching

when water temperatures rise (abiotic factors), coral gets stressed, ejects zoozanthelle, coral loses color

Mutualistic Symbiotic Relationship

both animals gets benefits; Ex: hummingbird/flower, mongoose/warthog, coral/zoozanthelle

Commensal Symbiotic Relationship

one animal gets benefits the other doesn’t get anything; Ex: barnacles/whales, remomoras/mantaray

Parasitic Symbiotic Relationship

one gets benefits other gets harmed; Ex: vampire bat/hores, fish lice/fish

Mutualism: Corals and Zooxanthellae

Corals get food/color; Zooxanthellae get carbon dioxide/water/nutrients/shelter

Mutualism: Lettuce Sea Slug & Algae

Seaslug gets food/color; Algea gets carbon dioxide/water/nutrients/shelter

Mutualism: White Mangroves & Ant

Ant gets sugar from the leaves; Mangroves get protection from other insects laying eggs on the leaves

Overproduction

more offspring are produced than will survive; Ex: Turtle eggs are laid but not all live

Variation

there is viarity within a speices; Ex: turtle have different swimming ablitiy/size/shell thickness

Competition

struggle to survive and get enough food/water/shelter; Ex: some turtles may be caught/struggle for food

Phylum Anthropoda

the largest Phylum, consisting of insects

Endotherms

an organism whose body heat is controlled and regulated by their own internal body heat; mammals,birds

Ectotherms

an organism whose body heat changes with the external environment; lizards,amphibians

Fastest movement adaptation (Rank 1)

Wings

Jet propulsion

movement adaptation ranked 2 out of 5 for speed

Fins

movement adaptation ranked 3 out of 5 for speed

Tube feet

movement adaptation ranked 4 out of 5 for speed

Slowest movement adaptation (Rank 5)

Muscular foot

Stomata

small opening under leaf - takes it carbon dioxide, lets out oxygen and water vapor, prevents water loss

Lenticel

opening on mangrove roots that allow oxygen to get inside

Vascular plants: Roots

anchor the plant to the ground and absorb water and nutrients from the soil

Stem

between roots and leaves - provides support, stores food, grows leaves, flowers, cones, buds

Xylem

big tube - water/minerals absorbed by roots (from soil) travel up through it up into the stem/leaves

Phloem

tiny tube - food moves down throught to parts of the plant that need food

Cuticle

waxy waterproof layer, covers leaves and stems - inhibits water loss, protects leaf

Pneumatophores

pencil/snorkle roots on black mangroves that have openings which allow oxygen in

Vascular Bundles

look likes skulls - contains the xylem and phloem and moves substances around

Non-vascular plants

plants that don’t grow beyond $10\,cm$, lack vascular tissue for transporting materials, live in moist areas, and obtain water and minerals from their surroundings

Companion Planting

several kinds of plants grown together for beneficial results

Allelopathy

the way that plants release chemical compounds in the soil which positively or negatively affects the growth of other nearby plants

Neighboring Effect

The impact one plant has on the growth of impact one plant has on the growth of another

Abiotic

the non living parts of an organism’s habitat such as temperature, humidity, water and others

Biotic

the living or once living parts of an organism or organism’s habitat such as biomass, size and germination

Controlled Variable

variables that can be changed but are not allowed to change; also called a “constant”

Dependent Variable

the data collected during an experiment which can be observed and measured (e.g., Germination date, Height, Edible Biomass)

Independent Variable

what is being tested or changed in an experiment; something different between experimental groups (e.g., Plant type in Mixed Pots or Single Cultivar Pots)