GB1 Lab Exam 2

Photosynthesis reaction

light energy + 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2

Four phenotypes for each grain of corn

• Purple (dominant) and smooth (dominant) → 9

• Purple (dominant) and wrinkled (recessive) → 3

• Yellow (recessive) and smooth (dominant) → 3

• Yellow (recessive) and wrinkled (recessive) → 1

Karyotypes reveal

possible abnormalities that are being passed onto offspring and gender of fetus

to create karyotypes

To create, chromosomes from a cell are stained and photographed. The cell must be going through mitosis (preferably metaphase) so that the chromosomes are replicated, condensed, and visible under the microscope

Amniocentesis

examination of cells from uterine fluid

Cri-du-chat

• 46XX or 46XY with chromosome #5 upper arm deletion

• Severe mental retardation, small cranium, small jaw, and moon-shaped face

Down syndrome

• 47XX or 47XY with 3 copies of the 21st chromosome

• Short stature, broad hands, stubby fingers and toes, wide rounded face, large protruding tongue, mental retardation

• Women in early 20s → 1/1500 risk

• Women over 30 → 1/70 risk

• Women 45+ → 1/25

Edward’s syndrome

• 47XX or 47XY with 3 copies of the 18th chromosome

• Elongated skull, very narrow pelvis, rocker bottom feet, malformed heart, grasping of two central fingers by the thumb and little finger, ears low set, mouth and teeth very small

• Nearly all babies born with this condition die in early infancy

• Frequency → 1/1500 live births

Patau syndrome

• 47XX or 47XY with 3 copies of the 13th chromosome

• Severe abnormal cerebral functions and leads to death in early infancy

• Very pronounced clefts of lip and plate, broad nose, polydactyly, small cranium, nonfunctional eyes, heart defects, severe mental retardation

• 1/15000 live births

Jacob’s syndrome

• 47XYY

• Only occurs in men

• Caused by nondisjunction of Y chromosome during the second phase of meiosis

• Abnormally tall, develop heavy acne, low mental ability

• 1/1000 live male births

Klinefelter syndrome

• 47XXY or 47XXXY

• Only occurs in men

• Tall stature, small testicles, developed breast, sterility and mental deficiency, otherwise normal

• 1/1000 live male births

Triple X

• 47XXX

• Only occurs in women

• Superfemale

• Normal mentally, underdeveloped genitalia and limited fertility, possible neuromotor delays

Turner syndrome

• 45X or 45XO → missing an X chromosome

• Only occurs in women

• Occurs when an x-carrying sperm fertilizes an ovum that lacks an x OR when a sperm lacking and X or Y chromosome fertilizes an X-bearing egg

• At birth → webbed neck

• Appear normal before puberty, but have a shorter and chunky build

• At sexual maturity → secondary sex characteristics not developed + no menstruation or breast development and usually sterile

• 1/2500 live female births

what is present in erythrocytes?

agglutinogens

A

• Has A antigens (agglutinogens)

• Has anti-B antibodies

• Can donate to → A, AB

• Can accept from → A, O

B

• Has B antigens

• Has anti-A antibodies

• Can donate to → B, AB

• Can accept from → B, O

AB

• Has A and B antigens

• Has neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies

  • Universal acceptor

• Can donate to → AB

• Can accept from A, B, AB, O

O

• Has NO antigens

  • Universal donor

• Has BOTH anti-A and anti-B antibodies

• Can donate to → anyone

• Can accept from → O

Blood typing

• If blood clumps with the addition of anti-A → A

• If blood clumps with the addition of anti-B → B

• If blood clumps from both (in separate tests) → AB

• If blood does not clump from both → O

• If blood clumps with anti-D → RH positive

• Does not prove paternity, proves possibility for paternity

Little Finger

• Dominant: bent

• Recessive: straight

Tongue

• Dominant: able to roll

• Recessive: can’t roll

Widow’s peak

• Dominant: present

• Recessive: absent

Earlobe

• Dominant: dethatched

• Recessive: attached

Finger hair

• Dominant: present

• Recessive: absent

Dimples

• Dominant: present

• Recessive: absent

Eyebrow raising

• Dominant: can

• Recessive: can’t

Ear wiggling

• Dominant: can

• Recessive: can’t

Folding hands

• Dominant: left thumb on top

• Recessive: right thumb on top

Hair

• Dominant: curly

• Recessive: straight

Freckles

• Dominant: present

• Recessive: absent

PTC 

• Dominant: can taste

• Recessive: can’t taste

Cleft chin

• Dominant: present

• Recessive: absent

Hitchhikers thumb (bends back more than 90 degrees)

• Dominant: absent

• Recessive: present

plain arch

• enters from left side and looks like a little hill

tented arch

• enters from the left and goes up sharply

ulnar loop

• comes from the right side and subsides to the right side after curving around the core

radial loop

• comes in from the left, curves around the core, and subsides to the left again

lateral pocket loop

• double loop pattern that flow in the same directions without being divded

twin loop

• double loop

• looks like ulnar loop is it was in the cetner

accidental loop

• irregular and formed by mixture of any two patterns

whorl

• makes a compete circuit which may be spiral, oval, or circle

central pocket loop

• has loop and whorl

Extraction and purification of DNA 

• the first step in analysis- manipulation of DNA allows scientists to detect genetic disorders, produce DNA fingerprings, etc.

• 1. Lyses the cell via chemical and mechanical means

• 2. salt solution and detergent are added to break down and emulsify (mix) the fats and proteins of the cell membrane

• 3. meat tenderizer’s proteases cut away histone proteins that coil up the DNA- allowing us to see DNA without a microscope

= This soup is called Cell lysate

• 4. Ethanol is added to precipitate the DNA (DNA is invaluable in ethanol)

Epidemology lab

epidemiology- the study of disease at the population level

“Typhoid Mary”

• Phenol red added to an acidic solution will turn yellow

• Phenol red added to a basic solution will turn magenta/red

• Thymol blue will turn the same color as water if added to the uninfected solution

• Thymol blue will turn a different color if added to the infected solution

BLAST

basic local alignment search tool

Bioinformatics

combines statistics, mathematical modeling, and computer science to analyze biological data

Cladogram/phylogenetic tree

depicts the evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms 

Cladistics

used to classify organisms based on shared derived characters

Derived characters 

unique characteristics of a particular group of organisms 

Titration Equation

HCO3- + H+ + NaOH → NaHCO3 + H2O

anthrocyanins

red, blue, purple pigments that dissolve readily in water

chlorophylls

green pigrment that dissolves in ethanol

carotenes

yellow and orange pigments that dissolve readily in ethanol

xanthophylls

yellow pigments, dissolves in ethanol