Kinesiology Ch 3. Articular System (slides)

Type of Joint:

Thin layer of fibrous periosteum between bones. There are three types: Synarthrosis, Syndesmosis, and Gomphosis

Fibrous

Fibrous Joint:

Ligamentous joint (distal tibiofibular joint at ankle, distal radioulnar joint)

Syndesmosis

Fibrous Joint:

Tooth and socket of mandable/maxilla

Gomphosis

Fibrous Joint:

Sutures of the skull with ends of bones shaped to allow them to interlock

Synarthrosis

Type of Joint:

Either hyaline or fibrocartilage between 2 bones.

-Vertebrae (Fibrocartilage)

-First Sternoclavicular joint (hyaline cartilage)

-aka "amphiarthrodial". Allows small amount of motion (bending, twisting, compression) while still providing stability

Cartilaginous Joint

Type of Joint:

No direct union between the ends of the bones (instead a cavity filled with synovial fluid is present within a sleeve like capsule)

-AKA "diarthrodial joint" because it allows free motion (hip, elbow, knee, shoulder, etc)

Synovial Joint

Synarthrodial/Diarthrodial Classifications:

Gliding (intercarpals, intertarsals)

Non-axial

Synarthrodial/Diarthrodial Classifications:

hinge (elbow, knee) or pivot (atlantoaxial)

Uniaxial

Synarthrodial/Diarthrodial Classifications:

Condoloid (ellipsoidal) -Wrist/metacarpophalangeal (MP)

Saddle (concave/convex) - carpometacarpal (CMC) of the thumb

Biaxial

Synarthrodial/Diarthrodial Classifications:

Ball and socket (hip, shoulder)

Triaxial

Connect bones together (bands of fibrous connective tissue)

Ligaments

Outer layer (fibrous tissue reinforced by ligaments) and inner layer (lined with synovial membrane)

Joint Capsule

Thick, clear fluid that lubricates the articular cartilage (viscosity)

Synovial Fluid

Cartilage that covers the ends of opposing bones

Hyaline/Articular Cartilage

Cartilage that is a shock absorber (menisci, discs, TMJ, labrum of the shoulder)

Fibrocartilage

Cartilage that helps keep shape (external ear, eustacian tube)

Elastic Cartilage

Connects muscle to bone and must span across a joint to have an effect on it.

-Comes in various forms (flattened band-- RTC, long cord-long head of biceps tendon)

-Some are surrounded by sheaths which protect the tendon and prevent friction

Tendon

Broad, flat, tendinous sheet (lumbar/abdominals have linea alba or "white line")

Aponeurosis

Small, fluid filled, pad-like sacs surrounding most joints

Bursae

Planes:

Divides the body into Right and Left

-Flexion and extension starting in the anatomical position

Sagittal

Plane:

Divides the body into front and back

-Abduction and Adduction starting in anatomical

Frontal (coronal)

Plane:

Divides the body into top and bottom

-Rotation occurs in this plane

Transverse

Where the 3 cardinal planes intersect

- In humans, its the midline and slightly anterior to the SECOND sacral vertebrae

Center of Gravity

Axis:

Runs from front to back (eg: hip abduction occurs in the frontal plane around a _____ axis)

Sagittal

Axis:

Runs from side to side (eg: trunk flexion and extension occur in sagittal plane around a _____ axis)

Frontal

Axis:

Runs from top to bottom (eg: Cervical rotation occurs around a ____ axis)

Vertical

The number of planes in which a joint can move

Degrees of Freedom

_____ joint = 1 degree of freedom (eg: elbow)

Unilateral

_____ joint = 2 degrees of freedom (eg: MPs)

Biaxial

_____ joint = 3 degrees of freedom (eg: shoulder)

Triaxial

Complete separation of the two articular surfaces of a joint

Dislocation

Partial dislocation that usually occurs over time (eg: CVA paralysis, shoulder _____)

Subluxation

"Degenerative arthritis". Breakdown and eventual loss of cartilage -- bone on bone senario

Osteoarthritis (OA)

Partial or complete tearing of the ligament fibers

Sprain

Overstretching of muscle fibers

Strain

Inflammation of the tendon

Tendonitis

Inflammation of the synovial membrane

Synovitis

Inflammation of tendon sheaths

Tenosynovitis

Inflammation of the bursa

Bursitis

Inflammation of the capsule

Capsulitis