Chapter 6

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54 Terms

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Hemholtz’s Idea in understanding attention

Mental processign affects perception. We pay attention to somet hings and ignore others

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Voluntary (goal directed) attention

You choose what to focus on (ex. Studying)

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Involuntary (Stimulus driven) attention

something unexpected grabs attention (ex. loud bang)

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Overt attention

Physically looking at what you focus on

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Covert attention

Paying attention without moving your eyes "(peripheral vision)

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Cocktail party effect

Ability to focus on one voice while ignoring others (like what you do when you’re at a party)

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Dichotic Listening

Two messages being played in one ear, participants shadowed (repeated) one message, they could not report details of the message they weren’t focusing on. Proved attention filters what gets processed

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Sensory memory

briefly hold all incoming information

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filter

selects information based on physical properties (like pitch or location)

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Detector

processes meaning of selected information and sends it to short-term memory

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Broadbent’s Filter theory

Paying attention to one thing means ignoring others

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Posner et al 1978

Participants fixated on a centerpoint. Were given valid cue (told correct location of next stimulus), invalid cue (told wrong location), no cue (no direction given). The results were valid cues=faster responses, invalid cues=slower responses.

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Datta and DeYoe (2009)/ covert attention- paying attention without moving eyes

Participants told to focus covertly on different parts of a disk, fMRI showed brain activity (V1 area) increased where they focused attention, researchers could then predict where attention was directed with 100% accuracy. Covert attention enhances processing just like overt attention

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Feature integration theory (treisman)

we don’t fully see an object until we pay attention to it. attention binds features (color, shape, movement) into one whole perception

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Preattentive stage (feature integration theory)

happens automatically and unconsciously. Features (color, size, shape)  are processed seperately

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Focused attention stage (feature integration theory)

conscious perception occurs 

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Illusory conjunctions

Mixing up features when attention of unfocused

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Treisman and Schmidt (1982)

Participants saw black numbers and colored letters flashed quickly. often reported wrong color- letter pairs (ex. red S instead of a red T), when focused attention was used, errors disappeared. Attention is needed to correctly combine features

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Visual concept

Searching for an object requires comparing all possible options (ex. finding waldo in a picture)

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Feature search

a type of visual search. looking for one distinct feature (ex. a red dot among blue ones). Fast and automatic (preattentive)

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Conjunction search

a type of visual search. looking for combination features (ex. a green horizontal bar). slower, requires focused attention

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Treisman and Gelade (1980)

Searching for a “T” among “I” ‘sand “Y”’s= fast (simple feature), searching for “T” among “Z”’s and “I”’s= Slow (needs feature combination). Disting featues make searching automatic; combines require attention. ex.) looking for a friend wearing a bright orange hoodie in a crowd= fast feature search (stimulus- driven)

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Inattentional blindness

missing something obvious because attention is focused elsewhere

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voluntary inattentional blineness (attentional failure)

focusing on your friend’s voice in a restaraunt

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involuntary inattentional blindeness (attentional failures)

looking at the server who drops dishes. involuntary shifts can temporarily override voluntary attention

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Fixation

when your eyes pause and focus (use central vision)

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Saccade

quick jumps between fixation (~3 per second)

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Motor signal (MS); Corollary Discharge Theory

commands eyes to move

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Corollary Discharge Signal (CDS); Corollary Discharge Theory

Copy of that command sent elsewhere

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Image Displacement Signal (IDS); Corollary Discharge Theory

Reports how the image moves across the retina

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The comparator

compared CDS and IDS. if IDS but no CDS= brain thinks object moved. if IDS+ CDS=brain knows you moved your eyes, not the object

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Predictive Remapping

brain shifts attention to new location just before your eyes move, then vision stays stable

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Bottom-up (stimulus driven) influence

Attention captured by when stands out (brightness, contrast, movement). Creates a saliency map showing attention grabbing spots. first few fixations= bottom up

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Top-down (goal driven) influence

Based on goals, expectations, or knowledge. later fixations= top down

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Shinoda et al

driving simulator study, people looked more at stop signs at intersections than in the middle of blocks. tasks demands and expectations influence attention

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Vo and Henderson study

showed kitchen scenes with weird objects (like a printer on a stove), people looked longer at “out of place” items, early fixations= bottom up; later fixations= top down

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Yarbus (1967)

eye tracking showed scanning patterns change depending on the task (ex. judging age vs. remembering clothing)

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Land and Hayhoe (2001)

When making a sandwich, peole look at the ingredients right before using them (just in time fixations)

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Henderson (2017)

we look at where we expect things to appear, when something unexpected happens we fixate longer

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Attention improves..

speed of response, clarity, contrast, and detail in perception

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Posner’s percuing study

directing attention to a location= faster reaction times

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Same-Object Advantage (Egly et al., 1994)

Cueing one side of an object made responses faster to other parts of the same object.

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Marino and Scholl (2005)

proved it’s about the object, not just the location

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Carrasco et al (2004)/ perception effects

covert attention made cued areas look like they had higher contrast. attention literally changes how we see

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O’ Craven et al (1999)/ perception effects

when shown overlapping images ofa house and a face, focusing on one activated its specific brain region

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Womelsdorf et al (2006)/ perception effects

in monkeys, shifting covert attention moved receptive field activation- attention changes how neurons respond

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Huth et al (2012)/ object based attention

fMRI showed that different brain regions respond to different object categories (faces, tools, etc.). created a “category map” of brain responses

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Cukur et al (2013)/ object based attention

when participants looked for a specific object (ex. people vs. cars), brain representation shifted. More brain space devoted to the target object category. Attention warps how the brain represents visual information

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Inattentional blindness is

missing visible things due to lack of attention

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Change blindness

failing to notice differences between scenes until attention is directed there

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