POH 705 MIDTERM 1

What are the pros vs. cons of sharing health information?

PRO = more successibility and wide reach

CON = potential misinformation & anyone can provide health info.

By choosing an effective medium requires ....

"knowing your audience"

What happened in 17th - !8th Century in health education in Canada?

- 1st Smallpox Vaccine (1796) & mandatory vaccination in Canada

What happened in 18th - 19th Century in health education in Canada?

- Post Confederation (1867)

- Bacterial Revolution / Sanitary Movement

When did the 1st smallpox vaccination come out?

1796

When was the post-confederation?

1867

What led to the creation of the "Federal Department of Health"?

- Spanish Influenza (1918)

What happened in during social transformation & WWI in health education in Canada?

- Creation of "CPHA"

- Creation of "School of Hygiene"

- Development of immunization, mental health, pasteurization programs

What contributions did "health education" have?

- Identified new PH movement (1980)

- Led formalized approaches

- Identified changes in ways to address health issues

- Placed the onus of health on individuals **

What is the Ottawa Charter for "health promotion"?

- Organized by WHO & CPHA

- Presents strategies for global progress in health promotion

When was the Ottawa Charter for "health promotion" created?

1986

What is the main goal for the Ottawa Charter for "health promotion"?

"Health For All By 2000"

- proposes 3 strategies & 5 action areas

- identified core values of health promotion

What are the core values of "health for all by 2000"?

enablement, mediation, advocacy

What are the action areas for "health for all by 2000"?

1) Building Healthy Public Policy

2) Creating Supportive Environments

3) Strengthening Communication

4) Developing Personal Skills

5) Re-Orienting Health Services

Define "Health education"

"The process of assisting individuals, acting separately or collectively, to make informed decisions about matters affecting their personal health and that of others"

What does "health education" attempt to answer?

- Why do people behave the way they do?

- How does what they do affect their health?

- What causes them to change their health-related behaviours?

- How can messages be targeted to particular groups?

- How can organizations change their focus and ways of working?

What factors affect the delivery of "health education" messages?

- Family pattern, economic, political trends

- Societal Values

- Employment Patterns

- Scientific & Medical Discoveries

- Technology

What does "health education" attempt to create change in?

1) Awareness

2) Knowledge

3) Attitude

4) Skills

5) Behavior

6) Quality of Life

What do "health education" theories attempt to understand?

- Why do some people refuse health interventions & believe they're at-risk of disease?

Health Education vs. Health Promotion

HEALTH EDUCATION = strategy used in health promotion

HEALTH PROMOTION = considers broader social context & emphasizes the SDOH

What major epidemic occurred in 2002 - 2003?

SARS

What major epidemic occurred in 2009 - 2010?

H1N1 - New Influenza Pandemic

What major epidemic occurred in 2012?

MERS

What major epidemic occurred in 2014?

Polio

What major epidemic occurred in 2014 - 2016?

Ebola

What major epidemic occurred in 2015?

Dengue

What major epidemic occurred in 2015 - 2016?

Zika Virus

What major epidemic occurred in 2018 - 2020?

Ebola Returns

What major epidemic occurred in 2019 - Now?

COVID-19

What major epidemic occurred in 2022 - Now?

Monkeypox

What province/territory of Canada had the HIGHEST life expectancy?

Quebec - highest

What province/territory of Canada had the LOWEST life expectancy?

Nunavut - lowest

What did countries with a LOWER life expectancy experience?

history of colonization and ongoing civil wars

What were the top 3 leading deaths in 2020?

1) Malignant Neoplasms

2) Disease of Heart

3) COVID-19

Define "health" by WHO

"health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease/infirmity"

What does "health" include?

physical, mental, emotional, social, spiritual, sexual

What are the public conceptions of health?

1) Not Being Ill

2) Fitness

3) Sense of Dwelling

4) Ability to Carry Out Tasks

5) Resources for Living

6) Assets to be Managed

Define "health" (medical)

"the normal physical state, the state of being whole and free form physical + mental disease, so that parts of the body carry on their proper function"

Define "health" (academic)

"health involved the interplay of biology, psychological and social aspects of person's life"

Define "health" (Indigenous)

"living in total harmony with nature & having ability to survive under exceeding difficult circumstances"

What are the 7 health education settings?

1) School

2) Work

3) Communities

4) Healthcare Facilities

5) Home

6) Consumer Marketplace

7) Communication Environment

Why should we measure "health"?

- to establish priorities

- to assist in planning

- to justify resources

- to promote health promotion

Define "negative measurement"

measuring opposite of health (mortality/morbidity)

Define "positive measurement"

measuring health in its own right & includes physical, psychological, social well-being, quality of life

What are some main areas of concern in health of Canadians?

1) Cardiovascular & Chronic Respiratory Disease

2) Cancer

3) Diabetes

More than 1 in 5 Canadians live with one of the following

Define "Health Immigrant Effect"

- immigrants are in good health prior to arriving & health declines during years in Canada due to lifestyle changes and stressors

What is the infant morality rate in Canada?

3.9 infant deaths per 1000 live births & sharp decline (good)

What province/territory has the HIGHEST life expectancy in 2015 - 2017?

BC, Quebec, Ontario

What province/territory has the LOWEST life expectancy in 2015 - 2017?

Nunavut

What country has the HIGHEST life expectancy in 2022?

Japan

What country has the LOWEST life expectancy in 2022?

USA

Define "Social Determinants of Health"

"conditions in which people are born, grow, work, live, age, and forces/systems shape their daily lives"

Define "health equity"

"the absence of unfair, avoidable or remediable differences among goops whether those groups are defined socially, economically, demographically, geographically, or by other dimensions of inequality"

How do we know where to place social determinants?

SDOH Frameowrk

What are the 12 social determinants of health?

1) Income & Social Status

2) Social Support Network

3) Education & Health Literacy

4) Employment & Work Conditions

5) Social Environments

6) Physical Environment

7) Personal Health Practices & Coping Skills

8) Healthy Child Development

9) Biology & Genetics

10) Health Services

11) Gender & Sex

12) Culture

How many more years does a male & female live for while living in wealthier neighbourhoods?

Male = 5 yrs.

Females = 3 yrs.

What was the average % of Canadian poverty level?

8.1%

What province/territory has the HIGHEST poverty level in Canada during 2015 - 2020?

Vancouver, Toronto, Halifax

What province/territory has the LOWEST poverty level in Canada during 2015 - 2020?

Quebec

What is the life expectancy in men and women living in WEALTHIER neighbourhoods?

Males = 80%

Females = 84%

What is the life expectancy in men and women living in POORER neighbourhoods?

Males = 76%

Females = 82%

How many more years does a male & female live for with HIGHER levels of education?

Males = 3.7 yrs.

Females 2.3 yrs.

Define "precarious work"

"uncertain/unstable work with NO regular schedule or benefits"

What "occupation type" results in HIGHEST life expectancy in 2021?

Teaching - highest

What "occupation type" results in LOWEST life expectancy in 2021?

Transport - lowest

What % of population reports "very strong or somewhat strong" sense of belonging in local communities?

45.6% of population

What groups felt a LOWER sense of belonging in Canada?

- Young groups ages 15 - 34 yrs.

- LGBTQ2S+

- People experiencing social + economic problems

What groups felt a HIGHERS sense of belonging in Canada?

- Rural residences & racialized groups

What province/territory feels HIGHER sense of belonging?

Newfoundland

What province/territory feels LOWER sense of belonging?

Ontario

What province/territory has HIGHER prevalence of core housing need in 2021?

Nunavut

What province/territory has LOWER prevalence of core housing need in 2021?

Ontario

What are the impacts of lifestyle choices via 5 areas?

1) Personal Life Skills

2) Stress

3) Culture

4) Social Relationship & Belonging

5) Sense of Control

What age and sex group has the HIGHEST rates of smoking?

Males = 20 - 34 yrs.

Females = 13 - 19 yrs.

What age and sex group has the LOWEST rates of smoking?

Males & Females = 12 - 17 yrs.

What age and sex group has the LOWEST rates of heavy drinking?

Males & Females = 12 - 17 yrs.

What age and sex group has the HIGHEST rates of heavy drinking?

Males & Females = 18 - 34 yrs.

What stage of life is most important in a child's brain development?

Conception - 6 yrs.

What income group has LOWER birth rates?

low income groups

What income group has HIGHER birth rates?

high income groups

What role does "genetic endowment" play in individuals?

Personality development, intelligence, mental health

Define "sex"

"set of biological attributes in humans + animals"

What behavioural differences are there btw. males & females?

Differences in lifestyle/healthy behaviours & health-seeking behaviours

*Women live longer than men but experience more stressors

Define "Health Promotion" by Ottawa Charter for Health

"the process of enabling people to increase control over & improve their health"

What is the AIM for "health promotion"?

enhance overall well-being

What is the MODEL for "health promotion"?

individual/community empowerment

What is the GOAL for "health promotion"?

to promote health

What is the HEALTH for "health promotion"?

positive + multifactorial (holistic approach)

What is the TARGET POPULATION for "health promotion"?

entire society + environment

What is the STAKEHOLDERS for "health promotion"?

community organizations, multi-disciplinary, individuals

What is the APPROACH for "health promotion"?

mostly bottom up & upstream

What is the AIM for "disease prevention"?

eliminate disease or infirmity

What is the GOAL for "disease prevention"?

disease prevention

What is the MODEL for "disease prevention"?

medical

What is the HEALTH for "disease prevention"?

absence of disease

What is the TARGET POPULATION for "disease prevention"?

at-risk or ill populations

What is the STAKEHOLDERS for "disease prevention"?

medical or PH specialists

What is the APPROACH for "disease prevention"?

mostly top-down or downstream

What are the benefits for "health promotion"?

- Accessibility to high-quality information on best practices

- Higher likelihood of successful health promotion programs + policies

- Greater workforce productivity

- More efficient use of public + private resources

Define "Proximal Risk Factor"

DIRECTLY affect health & referred to as "DOWNSTREAM" factors or interventions when targeted