PRELIMS PEE

people and earths' ecosystem

the study of the interactions of organisms with other organisms

Ecology

Place where an organism lives

Habitat

all the individuals of species within a particular space

Population

populations of multiple species

Community

Community interacting with the environment

Ecosystem

The hierarchy of ecological systems

Individual→population→community→ecosystem→landscape

→biome→biosphere

Earth system. terms use for Air, Water, and Earth?

Atmosphere - Air
Hydrosphere - Water
Lithosphere - Earth

what are the abiotic components?

• atmosphere

• water

• soil

what are biotic components of an ecosystem?

• autotrophs

• heterotrophs

considered as the nonliving components of an ecosystem?

abotic components

living things that can be categorized according to their food source.

biotic components

• called as “producers”.

• requires energy and inorganic nutrients.

• Generates food the necessary for the ecosystem.

• require only inorganic nutrients and outside energy source to produce organic nutrients.

Autotrophs

land plants and algae are considered as?

photoautotrophs

bacteria are considered as?

chemoautotrophs

• also known as “consumers”

• Organisms that make energy from the food they eat

Heterotrophs

occurs when species compete for a resource in short supply

Interspecific competition

differentiation of ecological niches, enabling similar species to coexist in a community

Resource partitioning

refers to an interaction in which one species, the predator, kills and eats the other, the prey

predation

true/false: one example of cryptic coloration is Canyon tree frog

true

Animals with effective chemical defense often exhibit bright warning coloration

aposematic coloration

makes the prey difficult to spot

cryptic coloration

a palatable or harmless species mimics an unpalatable or harmful model

Batesian mimicry

two or more unpalatable species resemble each other

Müllerian mimicry

refers to an interaction in which an herbivore eats parts of a plant or algae

Herbivory

a relationship where two or more species live in direct and intimate contact with one another

Symbiosis

one organism, the parasite, derives nourishment from another organism, its host, which is harmed in the proces

parasitism

Parasites that live within the body of their host are called

endoparasite

Parasites that live on the external surface of a host are

ectoparasite

an interspecific interaction that benefits both species

mutualism

where one species cannot survive without the other

Obligate

both species can survive alone

Facultative

one species benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped

commensalism

an interaction in which one species has positive effects on another species without direct and intimate contact.

Facilitation

pathways by which chemicals circulate through ecosystems involve both living (biotic) and nonliving (abiotic) components

Biogeochemical cycles

interspecific interation(open mo nalng)

a source of chemicals normally unavailable to producers

reservoir

a source from which organisms generally have the ability to take chemicals

exchange pool

The water (hydrologic) cycle is characterized by

evaporation, precipitation, and runoff

primary reservoir of the water cycle?

ocean

what are the reservoirs of the carbon cycle?

• organic matter

• limestone

• ocean

the exchange pool of the carbon cycle

atmosphere

removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere

photosynthesis

add carbon dioxide to the atmosphere

respiration and combustion

Imbalances in the cycling of greenhouses gases:

• Global warming

• Climate change

the reservoir of the nitrogen cycle is the?

atmosphere

the conversion of nitrogen gas that must be converted to a form usable by plants

nitrification

perform the nitrogen fixation

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria

what do you call when a bacteria convert nitrate back to nitrogen gas?

denitrification

imbalances in the nitrogen cycle can cause:

• acid deposition

• acid rain

the reservoir of the phosphorus

ocean sediments

it slowly makes phosphate available to the biotic community

weathering

a limiting nutrient in ecosystem

phosphate

Imbalances in the phosphorus cycle may lead to?

cultural eutrophication