Week 2: The Self from Various Perspective Philosophy

Philosophy

It comes from two Greek words, Philos and Sophia. In essence it can be translated to love of knowledge or passion for learning.

Philosophy

It is also the investigation of normal and fundemental issues.

Pythagoras

Who likely instituted the term of ‘‘philosophy’’ (c. 570-495 BCE)

Basic dialogue, Judicious contention, and deliberate introduction.

Philosophical strategies incorporate these following strategies.

Philosophy

It deals with the rationality employed by individuals in learning.

Philos

It means Love

Sophia

It means Wisdom

rationality

Philosophers from ancient greek to the nineteenth-century tried to explore and understand the ________ employed in understanding and learning things.

Stargazing, approaches in pharmaceutical, and material science.

Acoording to Aristotle, one of the methods of inquiry can be 3 of these.

Isaac Newton

Who wrote 1687 Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy? which also later eneded up named a book of material science

Brain science, Humanism, Phonetics, and financial matters.

A few examinaions customarily part of logic in the cutting edge period (nineteenth century) wound up particularly scholarly approaches including;

St. Augustine of Hippo

He is a fourth-century (354-430 C.E.) scholar whose groundbreaking phiposophy infused Christian doctrine with Neoplantism.

St. Augustine of Hippo

He is a famous Catholic theologian known for his agnostic contributions to Western Philosophy.

St. Augustine of Hippo

He argues that skeptic have no basis for claiming to know that there is no knowledge.

St. Augustine of Hippo

In a proof for existence similar to one later made famous by Rene Descartes, He said that ‘‘(Even) I am mistaken, I am.’’

St. Augustine of Hippo

He is the first Western Philosopher to promote what has come to be called ‘‘the argument by analogy’’

St. Augustine of Hippo

Who said this: ‘‘there are bodies external to mine that behave as I behave, and that appear to be nourished as mine is nourished; so by analogy, I am justified in believing that these bodies have a similar mental life to mine’’ in the context of argument by analogy.

St. Augustine of Hippo

Additionally, He adopts a subjective view of time and says that ‘‘time is nothing in reality but exists as a reality only in the human mind.’’

Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)

Born in a small jewish family in 1856, He is the father of psychoanalysis, he was also a physiologist, medical doctor, psychologist and influential thinker of the early twentieth century.

Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)

He was a very famous thinker, who asked and inquired about human relationships. His search for inquiryis about the attempt to understand why human life is full of pain and confusion. He tells us why life is hard and how to cope with these various misfortunes.

Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)

His professional life in the medical field was not an immediate success:

• Tried to disect hundreds of eels in an attempt to find the reproductive organ (unsuccessful).

• A proponent of using cocaine as a medicinal drug, unsuccessful because it was addictive.

Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)

He worked in close collaboration with Joseph Breuer, He elaborated the theory that the mind is a complex energy system, the structural investigation of which is the proper province of psychology.

Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)

He articulated and refined the concepts of the:

• Unconscious

• Infantile sexuality - freud

• and repression.

Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)

And he also proposed a tripartite account of the mind’s structure - all as part of a radically new conceptual and therapeutic frame of reference for the understanding of human psychological development and the treatment of abnormal mental condictions.

David Hume (1711 - 1776)

He is a Scottish philospher who is famous because of his bold skeptical approach to a range of philosophical subjects.

David Hume (1711 - 1776)

He questioned basic beliefs of personal identity, and argued that there is no permanent ‘‘self’’ that continues over time.

David Hume (1711 - 1776)

He dismissed standard accounts of casuality and argued that our idea of cause-effect relations are grounded in habits of thinking, rather than in the perception of causal forces in the external world itself.

David Hume (1711 - 1776)

He defended the skeptical position that human reason is inherently contradictory, and it is only through naturally-instilled beliefs that we can navigate our way through common life.

David Hume (1711 - 1776)

He was well known for his concepts on the philosophy of religion.

David Hume (1711 - 1776)

He argued that it is unreasonable to believe testimonies of alleged miraculous events, and he hints that we should reject religions that are founded on miracle testimonies

David Hume (1711 - 1776)

He is against the common belief of the time that God’s existence could be proven through a design or causal argument.

David Hume (1711 - 1776)

He also advanced theories on the origin of popular religious beliefs, grounding such notions in the psychology of human psychology rather than in rational argument or divine revelation.

David Hume (1711 - 1776)

The larger aim of his critique was to separate philosphy from religion and thus allow philosophy to persue its own ends without rational over-extension or psychological corruption

Plato (427-347 B.C.E.)

One of the best known and most widely read and studied philosophers. He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle, and he wrote in the middle of the fourth century B.C.E in ancient Greece.

Socrates

Who primarily influenced Plato to the extent that he is usually the main character in many of Plato’s writings.

Heraclitus, Parmenides, and the Pythagoreans.

Plato, apart from his teacher, was also influenced by who?

Plato (427-347 B.C.E.)

His earliest works are generally regarded as the most reliable of the ancient sources on Socrates, and the character of socrates that we know throuh these writings is considered to be one of the greatest of the ancient philosophers.

John Locke (1632-1704)

He was among the most famous philosophers and political theoriests of the 17th century. In fluential in the areas of

• theology

• religious toleration

• and educational theory.

John Locke (1632-1704)

He was the Founder of the School of thought known as British Empirisicm, his book Essay Concerning Human Understanding.

John Locke (1632-1704)

He set out to offer an analysis of the human mind and its acquitision of knowledge. He offered an empiricist theory according to which we acquire ideas through our experience of the world. The mind iss then able to examine, compare, and combine these ideas in numerous different ways.

John Locke (1632-1704)

In politics, He was best known as a proponent of limited government. (A limited government is a political system where the power and authority of the state are strictly restricted by law, usually through a written constitution) Its primary purpose is to protect individual liberties and prevent the concentration of power.

John Locke (1632-1704)

He use a theory of natural rights to argue that

• governments have obligations to their citizens,

• have only limited powers over their citizens,

• and can ultimately be overthrown by citizens under certain circumstances.

Social Contract Theory basically.

Rene Descartes (1596 - 1650)

He is often credited with being the ‘‘Father of Modern Philosophy’’ this title is defended due to his break with the customary scholastic aristotlean theory predominant at his oppurtunity and the advancement of the new unthinking sciences.

Rene Descartes (1596 - 1650)

His major and fundemental break with Scholastic philosophy was twofold:

• He thought that the Scholastics’ method was prone to doubt given their reliance on sensation as the source for all knowledge.

• Furthermore, He wanted to replace their final causal model of scientific explanation with the more modern, mechanistic model.

The Method of Doubt

The most famous approach employed by Descartes about inquiry is?

Rene Descartes (1596 - 1650)

His basic strategy was to consider false any belief that falls preay to even the slightest doubt. this ‘‘hyperbolic doubt’’ then serves to clear the way for what he considers to be an unprejudiced search for the truth. This clearing of his previously held beliefs than puts him at an epistemological ground-zero.

Rene Descartes (1596 - 1650)

He eventually discovers that ‘‘I exist’’ is impossible to doubt and is therefore, absolutely certain-thus the line ‘‘Ithink, therefore I am’’. From this point, He proceeds to demonstrate God’s existence and that God cannot be a deciever. This, in turn, serves to fix the certainty of everything that is clearly and distincly understood and provides the epistemological foundation that he set to find out.

Rene Descartes (1596 - 1650)

This philosopher Rene Descartes suggested that our mind and thoughts are our true identity. An identity, he called a ‘‘soul’’.

Rene Descartes (1596 - 1650)

He is famous for answering the question ‘‘who am I?’’ He said ‘‘ I think therefore I am’’

John Locke (1632-1704)

This philosopher on the subject of ‘‘who am I?’’ argued that momentary thoughts are not consistent and change over time. They cannot be our identity since he believes that identity is something that must be consistent overtime.

John Locke (1632-1704)

This philosopher on the subject of ‘‘who am I?’’ suggested that what makes a person himself is a minimal amount of memory that must remain constant throughout his life