CCPPT MIDTERMS PRPS

Heart

The organ responsible for pumping blood throughout the body.

Blood vessels

Tubes that carry blood throughout the body.

Heart function

The process of generating blood pressure, routing blood, ensuring one-way blood flow, and regulating blood supply.

Apex

The tip of the heart formed by the tip of the left ventricle.

Base

The posterior surface of the heart formed by the atria.

Pericardium

A sac that surrounds and protects the heart.

Fibrous pericardium

The outer layer of the pericardium, made of tough, inelastic, dense irregular connective tissue.

Serous pericardium

The inner layer of the pericardium, made of a thinner, more delicate membrane that forms a double layer around the heart.

Pericardial cavity

The space between the parietal and visceral layers of the serous pericardium, filled with pericardial fluid.

Heart wall

The layers of tissue that make up the heart, including the epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium.

Atria

The upper chambers of the heart.

Ventricles

The lower chambers of the heart.

Auricles

Wrinkled pouch-like structures on the anterior surface of the atria that slightly increase their capacity.

Right atrium

The chamber of the heart that receives deoxygenated blood from three veins.

Interatrial septum

A thin partition between the right atrium and left atrium.

Tricuspid valve

The valve between the right atrium and right ventricle.

Right ventricle

The chamber of the heart that forms most of the anterior surface and pumps blood to the lungs.

Interventricular septum

The partition between the right ventricle and left ventricle.

Pulmonary valve

The valve between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk.

Left atrium

The chamber of the heart that receives oxygenated blood from the lungs.

Bicuspid (mitral) valve

The valve between the left atrium and left ventricle.

Left ventricle

The thickest chamber of the heart that pumps blood to the rest of the body.

Aortic valve

The valve between the left ventricle and the ascending aorta.

Blood vessels

Structures that carry blood throughout the body, including the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, coronary sinus, pulmonary veins, aorta, and pulmonary trunk.

Coronary circulation

The circulation of blood within the heart, including the right and left coronary arteries.

ECG

Electrocardiogram, a recording of the electrical activity of the heart.

Cardiac output

The amount of blood pumped by the ventricles per minute.

Cardiac index

Cardiac output adjusted for body surface area.

Stroke volume

The volume of blood ejected with each myocardial contraction.

Preload

The amount of blood filled in the ventricle at the end of diastole.

Contractility

The ability of the ventricle to contract.

Afterload

The force the left ventricle must generate during systole to overcome aortic pressure and open the aortic valve.

Ejection fraction

The ratio of the volume of blood ejected by the left ventricle per contraction relative to the volume of blood received by the left ventricle following diastole.

Cardiac cycle

The sequence of events that occur during one heartbeat, including diastole and systole.

Diastole

The phase of the cardiac cycle when the ventricles fill with blood.

Systole

The phase of the cardiac cycle when the ventricles contract and pump blood out of the heart.

Myocardial oxygen supply

The delivery of oxygenated blood to the heart muscle through the coronary arteries.

Myocardial oxygen demand

The energy cost to the myocardium.

Maximal Oxygen Consumption (VO2max)

Reflects the maximum amount of oxygen consumed per minute when an individual has reached maximum effort. It is often quantified as mL or O2 consumed, per kg body weight, per minute (mL/kg/min).

MET

Defined as the amount of oxygen consumed at rest per unit of body weight for one minute. It provides a measure of the energy expenditure to run bodily functions while the individual is at rest. Approximately 3.5 mL of O2 per kg body weight is consumed to run bodily functions at rest and is often quantified as 1 MET.

Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)

An umbrella term that refers to the pathological process of atherosclerosis affecting the entire arterial circulation.

Atherosclerosis

A disease in which lipid-laden plaque is formed within the intimal layer of the blood vessel wall of moderate and large-size arteries. Over time, the plaque may extend into the lumen, causing a decreased luminal diameter. It is a primary contributor to cardiovascular accidents (CVA) and peripheral vascular disease (PVD).

Altered Myocardial Muscle Mechanics

Most likely, the myocardium is affected. It involves the systolic/diastolic properties of the myocardium, resulting in impairment of left ventricular (LV) function and heart failure.

Valvular Dysfunction

The endocardium is the affected structure. It refers to the impairment of the heart valves' function, leading to abnormal blood flow and potential complications.

Arrhythmias

Caused by a disturbance in the electrical activity of the heart, resulting in impaired electrical impulse formation or conduction. It can manifest as various rhythm abnormalities on an electrocardiogram (ECG).

Hypertension

The most prevalent cardiovascular disease (CVD) in the US. It is characterized by consistently elevated blood pressure (BP), with systolic blood pressure (SBP) consistently >140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) = or >90 mmHg.

Epidemiology

The study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations and the application of this study to control health problems.

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

Refers to the pathological process of atherosclerosis specifically affecting the coronary arteries. It can lead to various complications such as angina pectoris, myocardial infarction (MI), silent myocardial ischemia, and sudden cardiac death.

Labile Hypertension

BP is not consistently elevated and fluctuates between hypertensive and normal values.

Isolated Systolic Hypertension (ISH)

Noted elevations in SBP above 140 mmHg while DBP is in the normal range.

White Coat Hypertension

BP that is consistently elevated at medical practitioner office readings but does not meet diagnostic criteria for hypertension based upon out-of-office home readings.

Primary or Essential Hypertension

No known cause for the elevation in BP. It accounts for 90-95% of all patients with hypertension and is influenced by genetics, environmental factors, stress, obesity, excessive alcohol consumption, and other risk factors.

Secondary or Non-Essential Hypertension

Caused by an identifiable medical problem such as primary renal disease, illicit drug use, renovascular disease, obstructive sleep apnea, Cushing's syndrome, endocrine disorders, coarctation of the aorta, or kidney disease. It accounts for 5-10% of the hypertension population.

University of Perpetual Help System - DALTA

A college of physical and occupational therapy.

BP

Blood pressure.

US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF)

An organization that provides guidelines for preventive healthcare.

Elevated BP

High blood pressure.

Risk factors

Factors that increase the likelihood of developing a certain condition or disease.

BMI

Body mass index, a measure of body fat based on height and weight.

DASH eating plan

A dietary plan that emphasizes fruits, vegetables, low-fat dairy products, and reduced saturated fat and total fat intake.

Dietary Na intake

Sodium intake from food and drinks.

Physical activity

Exercise or movement that increases heart rate and breathing.

Alcohol consumption

The amount of alcoholic drinks consumed.

Pharmacological intervention

The use of medications to treat a condition or disease.

Acute coronary syndrome (ACS)

A spectrum of conditions related to reduced blood flow to the heart.

Ischemic heart disease

A condition where the heart muscle doesn't receive enough blood flow.

Pathophysiology

The study of the functional changes that occur in the body as a result of a disease or condition.

Atherosclerosis

A disease where plaque builds up in the arteries, narrowing the blood vessels.

Endothelial injury

Damage to the inner lining of blood vessels.

Risk factors

Factors that increase the likelihood of developing a certain condition or disease.

Cigarette smoking

The act of inhaling and exhaling the smoke of burning tobacco.

Diet

The food and drinks consumed by a person.

Clinical manifestations

The signs and symptoms of a disease or condition.

Angina

Chest pain or discomfort due to reduced blood flow to the heart muscle.

Unstable angina

Chest pain that occurs at rest or with minimal exertion and is not relieved by medication.

Stable angina

Chest pain that occurs during physical activity and is relieved by rest or medication.

Variant angina

Chest pain caused by coronary artery vasospasm.

Injury

The presence of a new acute myocardial infarction (heart attack).

Infarction

Depicts an old heart attack with dead tissue that cannot be reversed. Results from complete occlusion of the vessel.

Ischemia

Reduced blood flow to a part of the body, often due to a blockage in the blood vessels.

Myocardial cells

Cells of the heart muscle.

Angina

Chest pain or discomfort that occurs when the heart muscle doesn't get enough oxygen-rich blood.

MI (Myocardial Infarction)

Also known as a heart attack, occurs when blood flow to a part of the heart is blocked, causing damage to the heart muscle.

Complicated MI

Indicates that ischemia, LV fail, or significant ventricular arrhythmias have developed in the acute post-MI period.

Cardiogenic shock

Characterized by inadequate cardiac output and insufficient arterial blood pressure to perfuse the major organs because of severe left ventricular failure.

ACS (Acute Coronary Syndrome)

A term used to describe a range of conditions associated with sudden, reduced blood flow to the heart.

Classic angina pectoris

Described as a pressure, heaviness, tightness, or constriction in the center or left of the chest.

ECG (Electrocardiogram)

A test that records the electrical activity of the heart.

ST segment

Part of the ECG that represents the time between ventricular depolarization and repolarization.

Cardiac biomarkers

Blood tests used to diagnose and monitor heart conditions.

PTCA (Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty)

A procedure that uses a balloon and a collapsed stent to open up narrowed or blocked coronary arteries.

CABG (Coronary Artery Bypass Graft)

A surgical procedure that uses a donor vessel to bypass a narrowed or blocked coronary artery.

MIDCAB (Minimally Invasive Direct Coronary Artery Bypass)

A type of CABG that involves placing the patient on an artificial heart-lung machine during the surgical procedure.

Sternal wound

The incision made in the sternum during cardiac surgery.

Sternal precautions

Precautions taken to reduce the risk of complications and promote healing after cardiac surgery.

Sternal precautions

Guidelines for post-surgery care to prevent sternal complications, such as lifting heavy objects and avoiding certain movements.

AROM

Active Range of Motion, exercises that a patient performs independently to improve joint mobility.

Scapular retraction

Movement of the shoulder blades towards the spine.

STS

Sit-to-Stand, a transfer movement from sitting to standing position.

Sternal counter pressure

Applying pressure to the sternum to provide support and stability during coughing.