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Two main characteristics of Renaissance

Revival of learning, art, and literature with an emphasis on individual ability and humanism.

Wycliffe

Criticized church corruption, advocated for vernacular Bibles, and inspired the Lollards.

Hus

Bohemian reformer who condemned clergy corruption and was executed for heresy; followers called Hussites.

Humanism

Study of human potential and achievement, focusing on classical literature and independent thought.

Pieta

Sculpture by Michelangelo representing the Virgin Mary mourning over Jesus's body.

Gutenberg

Inventor of the printing press, revolutionizing the spread of knowledge.

War of Roses

Series of English civil wars between the Houses of Lancaster and York, ending with the rise of the Tudors.

Renaissance

A cultural movement characterized by a revival of classical learning and art, originating in Italy.

Most important recovery during Renaissance

Revival of Greek studies, which influenced art, philosophy, and science.

Pope Leo X

Renaissance pope known for patronage of the arts and selling indulgences, prompting Martin Luther's criticism.

Medici Family

Influential banking family in Florence who financed Renaissance artists and humanists.

Great Masters of High Renaissance

Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael, celebrated for their contributions to art and architecture.

Humanist

Scholars and writers of the Renaissance who emphasized classical learning and human potential.

Erasmus

Northern Renaissance humanist who criticized the church and wrote "The Praise of Folly."

More

Author of "Utopia," focusing on social, economic, and political reform; executed for opposing Henry VIII.

Machiavelli

Author of "The Prince," advocating pragmatic and ruthless governance.

Da Vinci

Renaissance artist and polymath known for works like the "Mona Lisa" and "The Last Supper."

Michelangelo

Sculptor and painter known for the Sistine Chapel ceiling, "David," and "The Pieta."

Raphael

Renowned for frescoes in the Vatican, including "The School of Athens."

Luther

Initiated the Protestant Reformation by publishing the 95 Theses against church practices.

On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church

Work by Martin Luther criticizing the papacy and church authority.

Institutes of Christian Religion

John Calvin's foundational work outlining Protestant theology, including predestination.

King Christian III

Danish king who established Lutheranism as the state religion of Denmark.

Reformation first broke out in these two cities

Zurich and Wittenberg, key centers of early Protestant activity.

95 Thesis

Martin Luther's list of grievances against the Catholic Church, sparking the Protestant Reformation.

Calvin

Protestant reformer known for predestination and "Institutes of the Christian Religion."

Zwingli

Swiss reformer who opposed the Catholic Church and promoted a simplified form of worship.

Jon Knox

Founder of Presbyterianism in Scotland and leader of the Scottish Reformation.

Borgia Popes

Renaissance popes known for corruption and nepotism, including Pope Alexander VI.

Loyola

Founder of the Jesuits, a Catholic order focused on education and missionary work.

Hugenots

French Calvinists who faced persecution during the French Wars of Religion.

St. Bartholomew Day Massacres

1572 event where thousands of Huguenots were killed in France.

Council of Trent (Counter Reformation)

Catholic council addressing corruption and reaffirming doctrines during the Counter-Reformation.

Jesuits

Religious order promoting Catholic education and missionary work, founded by Ignatius Loyola.

Index of Prohibited Books

A list of publications banned by the Catholic Church during the Counter-Reformation.

Anabaptists

Protestant group advocating adult baptism and separation of church and state.

30 Years War (Began, what happened, ending)

Religious conflict in the Holy Roman Empire, ending with the Treaty of Westphalia.

Treaty of Westphalia

Ended the Thirty Years War, establishing state sovereignty over religion.

Henry VIII

English king who established the Church of England to annul his marriage and secure a male heir.

Act of Supremacy

Declared Henry VIII as the Supreme Head of the Church of England.

Book of Common Prayer

Anglican liturgical book introduced during the English Reformation.

Act of Succession

Law ensuring the legitimacy of Henry VIII's heirs from Anne Boleyn.

Mary I

Known as "Bloody Mary" for persecuting Protestants; sought to restore Catholicism in England.

Elizabeth I

Protestant queen who ushered in the Elizabethan Age, marked by cultural and economic growth.

Spanish Armada

Failed Spanish naval invasion of England in 1588.

Elizabethan Age Characterized by?

Prosperity, cultural flourishing, and the rise of English literature.

Vespuccui

Explorer after whom the Americas were named, recognizing the New World as separate from Asia.

Columbus

Genoese sailor sponsored by Spain, discovered the Americas in 1492.

De Sota

Explorer who mapped parts of the southeastern United States and was buried in the Mississippi River.

Cortez

Conquistador who led the conquest of the Aztec Empire in Mexico.

Pizzaro

Conquistador who defeated the Inca Empire in Peru.

Da Gama

Portuguese explorer who established a sea route to India, bringing wealth to Portugal.

Boers

Dutch settlers in South Africa, forming a permanent settlement at Cape Town.

Diaz

Portuguese navigator who reached the southern tip of Africa, naming it the Cape of Good Hope.

Middle Passage

The transatlantic slave trade route, notorious for its high mortality rates.

Magellan

Navigator who led the first circumnavigation of the globe.

Carvel

A small, maneuverable ship developed by the Portuguese for long sea voyages.

Prince Henry the Navigator

Portuguese prince who advanced exploration by funding expeditions and research.

Jamestown

The first permanent English settlement in North America, established in 1607.

Treaty of Tordesillas

Agreement dividing the New World between Spain and Portugal in 1494.

Astrolabe

Navigational tool used to determine latitude by observing celestial bodies.