Chapter 4: Gender and Society – Practice Flashcards

Fill-in-the-blank flashcards covering key theories, stages, and concepts from Chapter 4: Gender and Society.

The approach stating that gender differences stem from biological distinctions between males and females is the __ approach.

biological (or biosocial) approach

The approach that explains gender differences as a by-product of differential treatment of girls and boys is the __ approach.

socialization approach

represents the part of the self in which one recognizes the “organized sets of attitudes” of others toward the self.

Me

represents the part of the self that acts on its own initiative or respond to the ogranized attitude of others.

I

Children are only capable of imitation: they have no ability to imagine how others see things. They copy the actions of people with whom they regularly interact, such as their mothers and fathers.

Preparatory stage

Children begin to imitate and take on roles that another person might have.

Play stage

Children learn to consider several specific roles at the same time and how those roles interact with each other

Game stage

children develop, understand, and learn the idea of the generalized other, the common behavioral expectations of general society.

Generalized

The approach where children actively seek, interpret, and act on information to match behavior to gender understanding is the __ approach.

cognitive approach

In Freud’s model, the component that operates on the pleasure principle and is present at birth is the __.

Id

Freud’s structure that develops to satisfy needs through interaction with the environment is the __.attempts to fulfill the Id's desire by serving as a negotiatorthat strives for a compromise between what the Id wants andwhat the outside world can grant it.

Ego

judges what we should morally do or not do,and guides us about the shoulds and should nots of our lives

Superego

During Freud’s __ stage (0–1 yr), pleasure is derived from sucking, tasting, and other oral activities. Thisis represented by a preoccupation with oral activities such as drinking alcohol, smoking, over eating, or nail biting

Oral

The stage (ages 2–3) in which gratification comes from controlling bladder and bowel movements is the __ stage. fixations can translate into obsession with perfection, extremecleanliness, and control or the opposite which is messiness and disorganization in adulthood.

Anal

In the __ stage (3–6 yrs), pleasure centers on the genitals and includes the Oedipus and Electra complexes. Fixation atthis stage may bring about sexual deviancy or weak sexual identity.

Phallic

Freud’s period from 6 years to puberty when sexual urges are repressed is called the __ period.

Latency

The stage beginning at puberty in which sexual urges reawaken is the __ stage.

Genital

Kohlberg’s first gender stage, where children identify themselves and others as boys or girls, is __.

Gender Labelling

Kohlberg’s stage where children recognize that gender is stable over time is called __.

Gender Stability

The stage in which children understand gender’s permanence over time and situations is __.

Gender Consistency

Bandura’s triadic ___ highlights the interaction of behavior person, and environment.

model of causation

In Kohlberg’s moral theory, the level where individuals see the world mainly through their own senses is the __ level.

Pre-conventional

Kohlberg’s level where individuals become increasingly aware of others’ feelings is the __ level.

Conventional

The level of Kohlberg’s moral development where legality and morality may diverge is the __ level.

Post-conventional

According to Gilligan, males emphasize __ (separation) while females emphasize interdependence (connection).

independence

links deviance primarily to the emotion of anger .

General Strain Theory

a two-pronged theory that broadens Marxist feminism's argument for the role of capitalism in the oppression of women and radical feminism's theory of the role of gender and the patriarchy.

Socialist Feminism

The idea that shared understandings construct our sense of reality is called __.

social constructionism

The belief that group characteristics are strongly shaped by biology is termed __.

essentialism

asserts that adherence to gender roles depends on a child’s gender identity

Cognitive-Developmental Theory

Freud’s view that mothers play a crucial role in forming a child’s gender identity reflects the __ approach to gender development.

psychodynamic

Mead’s __ theory states that meanings arise through communication and social interaction.

symbolic interactionism

Bandura’s __ theory claims behavior is learned by observing and imitating others’ rewarded actions.

social learning

In Bandura’s model, the four mediational processes are attention, retention, reproduction, and __.

motivation

The degree to which we notice the behavior.

Attention

How well we remember the behavior

Retention

The ability to perform the behavior

Reproduction

The will to emulate the behavior

Motivation

Piaget used the term __ to describe a set of rules guiding social or cultural interactions.

schema

Sandra Harding’s __ theory places culture at the center of understanding gender development.

standpoint theory

The __ claims that knowledge production is conditioned by social differentiation.

situated knowledge thesis

The __ thesis (epistemic advantage) grants marginalized groups a special standpoint on knowledge.

inversion

In standpoint theory, a __ is a shared social location that yields only partial or incomplete knowledge.

standpoint

The concept that an individual’s knowledge is rooted in context and circumstances is called __ .

situated knowledge

Assigning tasks and wages based on sex, leading to exploitation, is known as the __ of labor.

sexual division

combining object relations theory and a marxist feminist perspective to interrogate gender socialization and the sexualized division of labor.

FWST

Standpoint theory has seen a renaissance in the past 15 years. While the critiques of standpoint theory are well founded, they have often failed to engage with the fundamental challenge that standpoint theory poses to conventional theories of knowledge-production, nor have offered constructive responses of their own.

SWST