survey india

Sitar

• Chordophone
  
  

• Plucked Lute

• Frets

Sarod

• chordophone
  
  

• plucked lute

• Fretless

Santoor

• chordophone

• Hammered zither

Sarangi

• Chordophone

• Bowed lute

• Sympathetic vibrating strings

• Historically used in brothels

Shanai

• aerophone

• Double reed

Bansuri

• aerophone

• Horizontal flute

• Connected to krishna deity

Violin

• chordohone

• Bowed lute

• Shadow instrument

Harmonium

• aerophone

• Free reed

• Shadow instrument

• Pumped like an accordion

Tanpura

• chordophone

• Plucked lute

• Open strings only

• Drone instrument

Ehtnomusicology

• anthropology of music built on field work

Organology

• The study of instruments and their classifications

Hornbostel-sachs

• system of instrument classification

• Idiophon, membranophone, chordophone, aerophone, electrophone

Tan

Fast runs of notes

Guru-shishya parampara

Teacher disciple tradition until 1940s

Bhangra

• popular dance music

• Diasporic UK

• Based on indian traditional music

• Uses dhol drum

Tabla

• membranophone

• Table-right hand treble drum, indicated by t syllables

• Baya- left hand bass drum

• Traditionally male drummers

3 categories of music

Classical, popular, folk

Dhol drum

• double headed membranophone Played with sticks

Sargam

• solfege

• Sa re ga ma pa dha ni sa

Tarana

• rhythmic syllables and random (vocables)

• Vocal genre

• Fast tempo

• Often concert conclusion begins low and ends high

Bol

• table drum strokes in tintal reffered to as bol

3 part model

• anthropological model for music analysis

• Sound- how it sounds

• Behavior- how music is made and consumed By audience

• Conception- how its related to culture

Jor

• middle section

• Introduces pulse but no meter

• Improv

Surpeti

• aerophone

• Free reed

• Move little things to cover holes

• Drone instrument

Great tradition

• classical

• Developed of 7 centuries

• Origanally esoteric (consumed by small number of people

• Family lineages of professional music

• Used fixed and improv

• Raga and tala

• Hindustani and karnatic

• Alap, jor, gat structure

North V. South india

Hindus were pushed south, muslims took over north

Fixed V. Improv

Fixed (bandish) are pre-composed and performed in same way every time

• improv is composition in the course of performance

Ghazal

Light classical vocal style

Filmi git

• vocal style

• Bollywood film music

Tala

Cyclical meter

Tintal

• most common tala

• 16 beat cycle

• C 234/ c 678/ w 10 11 12/ clap 14 15 16

• Dha dhin dhin dha/ dha dhin dhin dha/ dha tin tin ta/ ta dhin dhin dha

Relativism

• no musical cuture is better than another

• Each society develops style that fits culture

• Judging music only in criteria of that cultre

• Avoid comparisons

Universals of music

• music is a cultural relativism not universal language

• All soceities have music and singing (something other than speech)

• All societies have music genres

• All societies develop music to fit its cultural needs

Little tradition

Regional and traditional musics

• rhythmic jatis

• Sargam

• Vedas

• Vikriti

• Guru-shishya parampara

Hindustani V. Carnatic

• hindustani is northern indian classical music

• Carnatic is south indian classical

Vocables

Nonsense syllables sung during piece

Rhythmic jatis

Method of denoting rhythms in little tradition

Ta = 1

Ta ka = 1 2

Takita = 123

Takadimi = 1234

Taka takita = 2+3

Taka takadimi = 2+4

Takita takadimi = 3 + 3+2

Takita takita taka 3+3+2

Taka takita takadimi + 2 +3 +4

Vedas/vedic chant

• religious hymns

• Originally maintained by brahmins (group of religious musicians high in caste)

• From rig-veda

• Conceptually adjacent to gregorian chant

Vikriti

Zigzag memorization technique

1221233223443 etc

Dhrupad

• oldest indian vocal genre

• Alap and gat

• Alap intro use vocables

• Gat has text

Bhajan

• devotional hymn

• Light classical

• Vocal genre

Khyal

• imagination vocal genre

• Way of rendering a raga

• Bara (big)- slow

• Chhota (small)- fast

• Uses vistar and tan

Anibadh nibaddh

Unbound/metric

• nibaddah n indian classic is known as the tala

Alap

• opening

• Free rhythm

• Slowly ascends to reveal the raga

• Usually uses sa as a drone

• Improv

Gat

-final section

• tala

• Fized composition

Raga

• musical mode (pitches, characteristic melodic shapes, prescribed movements)

• Thousands of ragas even virtuosos only master 36 in life

• Must used at least 5 notes and include sa ma pa

• May have forbidden notes

• May have different ascending and descending forms

• Often have extra musical associations like time of day or season

Vistar

Important notes in the raga are long notes in khyal style

Zither

Chordophone whoes strings are stretched over the body

Lute

Chordophone whos string are stretched over the body

Drone

Sustained note

Shadow instrument

• instrument that mimics another

• Usually after voices