8.5 decolonization

Portugal? like Mariana frores !!!

how did diff. groups (and which groups) put their differences aside and fought for the same cause (which cause) in India?

hindus and muslims, though their tensions and divisions, fought for independence from the british

what was the muslim league and when was it established relative to other events?

advocated separate nation from Indian Muslims

why was there so much push for a division of nations in India

past tensions of Indian muslims and hindus w muslims invading northern India all the way back from 8th century (unit 4 throwback)

what nation was the outcome of India’s independence and wanting separation from Muslims?

Pakhistan

did India have negotiating or armed resistance to Britain in order to deccolonize

negotiation

which org. did Kwame Nkrumah established to fight for Ghana’s independence? was it violent

Convention People’s Party. no, it wasn’t violent

what led to Ghana’s independence from __ and who ruled after that? who helped?

United Nations helped Ghana gain independence from Britain. Kwame Nkrumah was the first prez

what did Kwame Nkrumah do in his first term?

emulated nationalistic traditions (continuity/diffusion of ideas from colonial power) like saying that they have a historic past and dictator & pan-africanism

how has the term pan-africanism changed

first referring to plans to return slaves in Africa, like in Liberia → unifying movement to empower all African culture and ideas

what did Nkhrumah do to further put Ghana into corruption as some critics have said

made himself dictator, one-party state with him as one party leader

what did Nkrumah carry out for pan-africanism

made the organization of african unity (oau)

what happened to the OAU after its establishment?

military coup overthrew Nkrumah’s govt and expelled foreigners from country

what Nationalist movement led to independence in Kenya later on?

Mau Mau Rebellion

why did France/Britain negotiated and allowed decolonization to Nigeria and Morocco?

bc. white population there wasn’t as much

describe the Mau Mau Rebellion (which ethnic group and what)

Kikuyu ethnic group against British land policies and colonial rule.

how did Britain respond to the Mau Mau Rebellion in Kenya?

bloodshed. very violent fight for independence

walk me thru the context leading up to the Algerian War for Independence

Algeria was colony of France, many French settled there so France was reluctant for independence.

walk me thru the developments of the Algerian War of Independence (who was the group who led independence movement)

FLN (led independnence movement) used guerilla tactics, millions of Algerians died and French not as much.

what were the reactions of mainland France w the opionion of Algeria’s independence? who played a huge role? what did he do?

tensions. communist party favored Algeria’s independence. Charles de Gualle (french prez) expanded his presidential power to Algeria, making steps for Algeria to gain independence, hopefully settling debate

what was the outcome of Charles de Gualle’s action in Algeria? what happened in mainland France and Algeria

influx of pro-French Algerians fled Algeria and into mainland France. led to housing, employment, and anti-immigation problems → FLN continued in power, making Algeria single-party state, socialist authortarian govt

walk me thru the events in the Algerian Civil War

opposition against one-party rule against Islamic govt, FLN (marx-lenin) remained in control. state of emergency lifted bc. of tensions in other nearby countries

how did Algeria gain independence (by which doc)

Evian Accords

how was Ghana and Algeria’s experience w decolonization similar?

both struggled w the fight between one-party or multi-party states, socialist

how was Ghana and Algeria’s experience w decolonization different? (violence, religion)

Algeria was more violent and had the religous tensions aspect too it, leading to Algeria banning political parties based on religion

how was West Africa’s run for independence diff. from Algeria’s?

West Africa followed a negotiated path w the French

what was Loi Cadre (in Sub-Saharan African colonies)

allowing local participation in governance through laws

list 3 countries in West Africa that gained independence from limited violence

Senegal, Mali, and Niger

walk me thru the rise of communism and how that culminated into the viet war? (who led decolonization)

Ho Chinh Minh leading decolonization of the French, won, and split Vietnam into two promising it will reunify later → South didn’t like commies and had support from the US, tensions arose → Vietnam War

walk me thru the events of the Vietnam War (who was involved in the South)

North Vietnam gained control of South, Viet Cong helepd out (South-Viets who liked commies, used guerilla tactics), US withdrew → fully regained south, communism spread to Laos and Cambodia but stopped there → destabilization, but later restablished trade and diplomatic relations w US

how did the independence from Britain in Nigeria affect its polictics after it?

since Nigeria was multi ethnic, 3 diff. groups fought creating civil war

name the 3 ethnic groups that fought in Nigeria

Igbo, Hausa-Fulani, and Yoruba ethnic groups.

what did __ do that sparked the Nigerian civil war in ? (hint: this was internal)

Igbo threatened to secede, trying to make Biafra in the southeast portion of the country

what was the war called that resulted in mass famine and death in Nigeria

]

Biafran War

walk me thru the progression of Angola’s progression to independence from __?

Angola getting independence from Portuguese. Nationalist uprising → Carnation Revolution, ended authoritarian rule and triggered decolonization → independence → civil war bc. of Cold war, proxy war

quebecoise separatist movement (this was a response of __)

movement to promote independence of Quebec from Canada. french people have distinct culture and identity that isn’t “canadian”. response to perceived economic and political marginalization. wanted full sovereignty from Canada

which organization played a significant role in Angola's armed struggle for independnece from Portugal

MPLA (Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola)