unit 5

European Commerce

Rapid growth of buying and selling for profit in Europe through worldwide economic networks.

Atlantic World

European states' competition and building of overseas empires, leading to conflicts in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans.

French Revolution

Period of significant change in France due to financial and political issues, leading to the establishment of a constitutional monarchy and radical reforms.

Olympe de Gouges

French playwright and feminist known for advocating for women's rights during the French Revolution.

Jacobins and Girondins

Political clubs in France advocating for the rights of the poor and working-class, and for a constitutional monarchy, respectively.

Reign of Terror

Period of political repression and mass killings during the French Revolution led by radical Jacobins.

Toussaint Louverture

Leader of the Haitian Revolution against French colonial rule, resulting in the establishment of the independent republic of Haiti.

Napoleon Bonaparte

French general who became emperor, dominating European affairs from 1799 to 1815.

Congress of Vienna

International negotiations post-Napoleonic Wars to reestablish a balance of power in Europe and prevent revolutions.

Romanticism

Intellectual and artistic movement challenging Enlightenment ideals by emphasizing natural processes and human emotions.