108 final prep Flashcards

prompts 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 9

Skolimowski's Definition of Technology

Pragmatic, goal-oriented application of existing knowledge to solve tangible problems.

Bunge's Definition of Technology

Applied science utilizing the scientific method and principles aimed at efficiency and improvement.

Skolimowski's Differentiation Between Science and Technology

Science focuses on understanding ("how"), while technology focuses on practical applications ("what").

Bunge's Differentiation Between Science and Technology

Technology is applied science with methodological overlap; science is a precursor to technology.

Skolimowski's View on the Relationship Between Science and Technology

Technology can precede or follow science and influence scientific discoveries.

Epistemological Status of Technological Knowledge (Skolimowski)

Technology has its own values, goals, and contextual solutions, differing from science's universal solutions.

Causes of Neolithic Revolution Paths (Agriculture and Herding)

Climate change, population pressures, and geographical constraints.

Social, Technological, Scientific, and Cultural Results of Agriculture

Animal domestication, surplus, new jobs, irrigation technologies, techno-economic process.

Technologies Developed During the Neolithic Revolution

Farming tools, textiles (looms, dyes), storage containers, animal domestication, irrigation, early metallurgy

Significance of Islamic Architecture

Systematic urban planning, aesthetically pleasing and functional infrastructure development, application of geometry, advanced water management.

Contributions of Islamic Architecture

Irrigation systems, supervision of building construction, bridges, roads, public facilities.

Role of Muhtasib

Supervising public spaces, enforcing laws related to public order, commerce, and morality in urban communities.

Types of Bridges in Islamic Architecture

Cantilever, suspension, beam, pontoon, and arch bridges.

Islamic Irrigation Techniques

Basin irrigation, perennial irrigation, terrace irrigation, and wadi irrigation.

Factors Influencing Building Material Choice

Local availability, cost, time, and purpose of the building.

Integrated Civil Engineering Infrastructure in Islamic Architecture

Dams, bridges, paved streets, state supervision of building codes, and water distribution.

Examples of Civil Engineering In Islamic Architecture

Buwaywid dams, Stone Bridge of wakhsh, Qanat, Caravanserais, water gardens, geometry based architecture

Philosophical Foundations of Geocentric Astronomy

Aristotelian physics (earthy elements move downwards), Plato’s "save the phenomena", sensory evidence, and religion.

Superlunary vs. Sublunary

Superlunary refers to being celestial, eternal, and immortal while Sublunary refers to objects under the moon are seen as imperfect.

Elements of Ptolemy’s Geocentric Model

Epicycles (planets orbiting on small circles which in turn moved on larger circles), eccentrics, and equants applied to observed orbits.

The Point Equant

An arbitrary point where planetary motion would appear uniform, violating uniform circular motion.

Philosophical Issues with the Point Equant

Violated divine perfection and Plato’s rule of uniform circular motion.

Reasons for Non-Acceptance of Aristarchus’s Heliocentric Model

Parallax issue, belief that objects would be flung off Earth, violation of Aristotle’s physics of natural motion, and religious objections.

Automata

Early machines that can move and perform tasks on their own, imitating humans/animals and their movements.

First Actual Android Design

Al-Jazari's programmable automaton orchestra in 1206.

Jacques Vaucanson

Created a life sized flute player that used mechanical lungs, lips, tongue, fingers to play flute.

Automata in 17th and 18th Centuries

Inspired by mechanistic philosophy (Descartes), mathematical automata (Pascal’s calculator), and programmable automata (Jaquet-Droz).

Automata and Textile Industry

Implemented principles and concepts of automata, replacing manual labor.

Jacquard Loom

(1804) develops looms using punch cards to allow for complex designs on textiles, separating instructions from machine hardware

Charles Babbage

Designed the Analytical Engine, first general purpose mechanical computer, based on punch cards

Ada Lovelace

Recognized that the Analytical Engine could perform any step-by-step process and wrote first algorithm for it.

The Turk

Fraudulent chess playing machine that formed the basis for modern computation and robotics.

Achievments of Galileo Galilei

Changed how people thought about motion, machines, and materials through the use of math, experimentation, and observation.

Kinematics

Study of movement and how objects move.

Galileo’s Achievements in Kinematics

Objects fall at the same rate in a vacuum, formula for distance fallen (s = ½ * g * t^2), parabolic path of projectile motion, introduction of inertia.

Galileo’s Impact on Machines

Machines merely change the form that energy is presented in, "what is gained in force is lost in speed", machine analysis became a scientific discipline.

Galileo’s Achievements in Material Science

Material strength doesn’t increase proportionally with size, engineers need to consider extra stress when scaling structures, study of stress, tension, and cohesion.