HMW Midterm

Popular Sovereignty

government based on authority of the people - power from the people. enlightenment was based on ideas from the people

Adam Smith

Scottish economist who admired physiocrats. Wrote "The Wealth of Nations". Free market be allowed to regulate business, supply and demand, shaped productive economy

Montesquieu

Influential thinker. Studied Europe's governments, learned about different cultures, criticized absolute power. Wrote "The Spirit of the Laws". Divide power between 3 branches, protect liberty

Laissez-faire

Allows business to operate with little to no government interference

John Locke

English thinker who believed in Natural Rights, if government didn't protect Natural Rights citizens could overthrow. Influenced American Revolution

Napoleonic Wars

Wars between Napoleon and other forces: Britain, Belgium, Netherlands, Italy, etc.

Declaration of the Rights of Man

Modeled after Declaration of Independence. "Born and remain free and equal in rights". Inspired by Locke/philosophes. Gave French citizens freedom. Women were angry bc it didn't mention women in the document

Napoleonic Code

Napoleon's laws: equality for all citizens, religious toleration, no feudalism, undid laws (women lost rights)

San-Culottes

Working class men and women. Pushed revolution into Radical phase, means "without breeches" since they work trousers not knee breeches like the upper class, wanted a Republic not a monarchy

Napoleon

Military hero who crowned himself Emperor in Paris. Strengthened government, restored economy, expands his empire with strong military (Grand Army)

Reign of Terror

Robespierre started this. Terror is needed for revolution. 300,000 arrested, people scared for their lives, mass killing

Estates-General

Legislative body of representatives of the 3 estates. Could carry out charges like bringing an absolute monarch under control of nobles and give the poor privileges

Bourgeoisie

Middle class: doctors, lawyers, merchants, etc. Part of 3rd estate, top of 3rd estate. Could have some privileges like political office

Robespierre

Lawyer and politician who was the leader of the committee of public safety. Almost had absolute power, prepped French for war, in charge of trials and executions. Wanted to abolish slavery, activist

Ancient Regime

Old order of France. Started in the Middle Ages. Order divided citizens in 3 different estates. 1st- clergy. 2nd- nobility. 3rd peasants (most of population)

Entrepreneurs

People who took the financial risk of starting a new business

Capital

Money used to invest in enterprises. Enterprise- business organization in mining, railroads, factories, or shipping. Healthy economy allowed this

Urbanization

Movement of people to cities. Population growth, demand for workers

Enclosure

Taking over and consolidating land shared by peasant farmers. More land for sheep/wool production, fewer workers needed for farms so people moved to cities for the factories

Galileo

Scientist who discovered that Jupiter's moons orbit Jupiter. His discoveries contradicted church ideas and was tried by the Inquisition

Inquisition

Part of Catholic church that conducted trials and gave punishments

Counter-Reformation

Tried to reverse the effects of the Protestant Reformation

Reformation

Revolt about church unfairness to peasants. Religious groups separated from the Catholic Church

Martin Luther

German monk who took action against the church & urged Christians to reject authority of Rome. Wrote 95 Thesis, everyone should be able to read and study bible, followers called Protestants

Machiavelli

Ancient writer who wrote guides for rulers on how to grow and maintain power. Believed rulers should do whatever it takes to achieve goals

Michelangelo

Renaissance artist who created the Pieta and painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel. Known and a "melancholy genius"

Perspective

Art technique that involves painting what the eye actually saw to create realistic art

Humanism

Renaissance centered on this intellectual movement. Included study of Greece/Rome literature, worldly subjects

Indulgence

Lessing of the time a soul would spend in purgatory by being retoned for sins

Thomas Jefferson

Wrote Declaration of Independence. John Locke's ideas: life, liberty, property

Enlightened Despots

Absolute rulers who used their power to bring about political and social change

Rousseau

Believed people in their natural state were good. Innocence was corrupted by evils. "The Social Contract". Society placed too many limits on people's potential, some but very little control from the government. General will

Bill of Rights

First 10 amendments to the Constitution. Basic rights, Enlightenment ideas