Chapter 11 Nutrition in Pregnancy and Lactation & Chapter 12 Nutrition in Infancy

Discuss the general guidelines for maintaining a body healthy enough to support pregnancy

A balanced diet that includes more nutrient dense foods from each of the five food groups can help to meet the increased nutrient demands of pregnancy

Describe how the mother's pre-pregnancy weight may affect pregnancy outcomes

adequate nutrition before pregnancy established physical readiness and nutrient store to support fetal growth, under and over weight women should strive for normal weight

Discuss the role of the placenta

provides nutrient s to fetus

removes waste

produces hormones

Define critical periods and recognize their significance in fetal growth and development

a critical period is a finite period during development in which certain events occur that will have irreversible effects on later developmental stages

8 wks.: completion of CNS, beating heart, and fully formed digestive sys.

14 wks.: heart and brain well developed

24 wks.: lungs well developed

Identify the nutritional requirements during pregnancy

-whole grains, vegetables: vit. B helps w/ cell development and production, folic acid helps prevent spinal cord issues, fiber and water help with constipation

-xtra 25g of protein: helps produce muscle, bone, enzymes ect.

ample carbs: fuel fetal brain

folate(aka folic acid), vit B, vit. D, calcium

Determine an appropriate weight gain pattern for a pregnant woman

underweight: 28-40 lbs

healthy 25-35 lbs

overweight 15-25 lbs

obese 15 lbs

energy/caloric needs during pregnancy

1st trimester: none

2nd trimester: 340 more calories

3rd trimester: 450 more calories

Discuss the common nutrition related problems during pregnancy

food cravings or aversions

nonfood cravings

morning sickness

heartburn

constipation

iron deficiency anemia

Discuss serious complications during pregnancy

preexisting or gestational diabetes

hypertension

preeclampsia

Discuss practices that place the fetus at risk during pregnancy

smoking

alcohol

caffeine

environmental contaminants

teen pregnancy

Identify maternal practices or conditions that may render breastfeeding unsafe

smoking

drinking

caffeine

medications/drugs

HIV positive

Identify the benefits of breastfeeding for the infant and mother

infant: supplies all nutritional needs and provides immune support, protects against obesity, and cardiovascular disease, and increases intelligence

mother: inexpensive, convenient, bonding, weight loss, and lowers thee risk of breast and ovarian cancer

Compare the composition of breast milk to formula

breast milk: has more nutrients and immune function

formula: no immune protection, made from protein or soy, had risk of cavities and over dilution

Identify when cow's milk and solid foods should be introduced in infant's diet

cows milk: must be at least 1 year old (can cause anemia and bleeding in GI tract)

solid good: around 6 months or when baby shows interest (baby should be able to sit up and control their own head

The most important single predictor of an infant's future

health and survival is:

a. the infant's birth weight.

b. the infant's iron status at birth.

c. the mother's weight at delivery.

d. the mother's pregnancy weight.

a. the infant's birth weight.

A mother's prepregnancy nutrition is important to a healthy

pregnancy because it determines the development of:

a. the largest baby possible.

b. adequate maternal iron stores.

c. an adequate fat supply for the mother.

d. healthy support tissues—the placenta, amniotic sac, umbilical

cord, and uterus.

d. healthy support tissues—the placenta, amniotic sac, umbilical cord, and uterus.

A pregnant woman needs an extra 450 calories above

the allowance for nonpregnant women during which

trimester(s)?

a. First

b. Second

c. Third

d. First, second, and third

c. Third

Two nutrients needed in large amounts during pregnancy for

rapid cell proliferation are:

a. vitamin B12 and vitamin C.

b. calcium and vitamin B6.

c. folate and vitamin B12.

d. copper and zinc.

c. folate and vitamin B12.

For a woman who is at the appropriate weight for height

and is carrying a single fetus, the recommended weight gain

during pregnancy is:

a. 40 to 60 pounds.

b. 25 to 35 pounds.

c. 10 to 20 pounds.

d. 20 to 40 pounds.

b. 25 to 35 pounds.

Rewards of physical activity during pregnancy may include:

a. weight loss.

b. decreased incidence of pica.

c. relief from morning sickness.

d. reduced stress and easier labor.

d. reduced stress and easier labor.

During pregnancy, the combination of high blood pressure

and protein in the urine signals:

a. jaundice.

b. preeclampsia.

c. gestational diabetes.

d. gestational hypertension.

b. preeclampsia.

Which of the following preventative measures should pregnant

women take to avoid contracting listeriosis?

a. Choose soft rather than aged cheeses.

b. Avoid pasteurized milk.

c. Thoroughly heat hot dogs.

d. Avoid raw fruits and vegetables.

a. Choose soft rather than aged cheeses.

To facilitate lactation, a mother needs:

a. about 5000 kcalories a day.

b. adequate nutrition and fluid intake.

c. vitamin and mineral supplements.

d. a glass of wine or beer before each feeding.

b. adequate nutrition and fluid intake.

A woman who breastfeeds her infant should drink plenty of

water to:

a. produce more milk.

b. suppress lactation.

c. prevent dehydration.

d. dilute nutrient concentrations.

c. prevent dehydration.