USHistory

What is the term for the federal government's controversial effort from 1865 to 1877 to repair damage to the South and restore southern states to the Union?

Reconstruction.

"Which constitutional amendment

ratified in 1865

What was Lincoln's Ten Percent Plan for Reconstruction?

A plan that allowed a southern state to form a new government after 10 percent of its voters swore an oath of allegiance to the Union.

"What was the name of the federal agency created in March 1865 to help black southerners adjust to freedom by providing food

clothing

What were the 'black codes' enacted by southern states after the Civil War?

"Laws that restricted freedmen's rights

"The _ Amendment

ratified in 1868

What group of congressmen believed the main goal of Reconstruction should be a total restructuring of society to guarantee black people true equality?

The Radical Republicans.

"The Reconstruction Act of 1867 put the South under military rule

dividing it into how many districts?"

What does it mean to 'impeach' a president?

To charge a public official with wrongdoing in office.

Why was President Andrew Johnson impeached by the House of Representatives in 1868?

"He violated the Tenure of Office Act by firing Secretary of War Edwin Stanton

"The _ Amendment

ratified in 1870

"What was the derogatory term for a Northerner who moved to the South after the Civil War

often to profit from Reconstruction?"

What was the derogatory term for a white southerner who collaborated with northern Republicans during Reconstruction?

Scalawag.

"What new farming arrangement

common after the Civil War

"What is the term for the public property and services that a society uses

such as roads

What was the name of the secret terrorist organization founded in 1866 that sought to eliminate the Republican party in the South by intimidating voters?

The Ku Klux Klan (KKK).

What political term described the new bloc of Democratic voters in the South that consistently supported the Democratic Party after Reconstruction?

The solid South.

What was the Compromise of 1877?

"An agreement where Democrats gave Republican Rutherford B. Hayes the presidency in exchange for the removal of federal troops from the South

"The completion of the _ in 1869 at Promontory Point

Utah

"What was the Bessemer process

patented in 1856?"

"Who is credited with inventing the first practical telephone

patenting the 'talking telegraph' in 1876?"

"Which inventor

known as the 'Wizard of Menlo Park

"The theory of _ applied Darwin's theory of 'survival of the fittest' to society

arguing that government should not interfere with business."

What is a monopoly in business?

"Complete control of a product or service

"What method of industrial control

used by Andrew Carnegie

"What method of industrial control

used by John D. Rockefeller

"John D. Rockefeller used a legal arrangement called a _ to combine 40 companies into a single manageable unit

effectively creating a monopoly in the oil industry."

What was the purpose of the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890?

"It outlawed any combination of companies that restrained interstate trade or commerce

What is meant by the term 'division of labor' in a factory setting?

"The separation of a work process into a number of tasks

"What is the economic and political philosophy that favors public (or social) control of property and income

rather than private control?"

"What early national labor union

led by Terence Powderly

"What national union

founded by Samuel Gompers in 1886

What is collective bargaining?

"A process in which workers negotiate as a group with their employers for better wages

"The _ occurred in 1886 when a bomb thrown at a labor rally in Chicago led to a riot and the subsequent execution of several anarchists

turning public opinion against unions."

What was the Homestead Strike of 1892?

"A violent strike at a Carnegie Steel plant in Pennsylvania after wage cuts

"The _ of 1894 involved a nationwide railroad boycott of sleeping cars

which was ended when the federal government sent in troops

Who led the American Railway Union during the Pullman Strike and later became a prominent socialist leader?

Eugene V. Debs.

The Supreme Court case of _ (1896) upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation under the 'separate but equal' doctrine.

Plessy v. Ferguson.

What were 'Jim Crow' laws?

State and local laws that enforced racial segregation in the Southern United States.

What was the main difference in philosophy between Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. DuBois regarding civil rights?

"Washington advocated for economic independence before seeking full social equality

"A _ is a worker called in by an employer to replace striking laborers

allowing a company to continue operating during a strike."

"What is the term for an official forgiveness of a crime

offered by President Lincoln to Confederates who took an oath of allegiance?"

"Who became the first African American to serve in the U.S. Senate

elected from Mississippi in 1874?"

The economic principle where the cost of each item produced is lower as production increases is known as _.

Economies of scale.

"What is the term for a 'boom and bust' period in the economy

characterized by expansion followed by recession or depression?"

The _ of 1864 allowed employers to pay for an immigrant's passage to America in exchange for a contracted period of labor.

Contract Labor Act.

The system where factory workers were paid a fixed amount for each finished piece they produced was called _.

Piecework.

Who pioneered 'scientific management' by conducting time-and-motion studies to improve worker efficiency?

Frederick Winslow Taylor.

The group of investigative reporters and writers who exposed corruption and abuses in industry and government during the Progressive Era were known as _.

Muckrakers.

"Who wrote 'The Jungle

' a novel that exposed the unsanitary conditions of the meat-packing industry?"

Who wrote 'The History of the Standard Oil Company' to expose John D. Rockefeller's ruthless business practices?

Ida Tarbell.

"Who wrote 'How the Other Half Lives

' using photography to document the appalling living conditions of the urban poor?"

"Which two business leaders created the companies General Electric and Westinghouse Electric

respectively

"President Theodore Roosevelt used the Sherman Antitrust Act to break up powerful monopolies

earning him the nickname '_.'"

What did the Supreme Court case 'Dred Scott v. Sanford' (1857) rule?

"It ruled that African Americans were not citizens and could not sue in federal court

What was the purpose of the Emancipation Proclamation issued by Lincoln in 1863?

"It declared that all slaves in states still in rebellion against the Union would be freed

"Southern states used literacy tests

poll taxes

The _ of 1862 encouraged westward expansion by offering 160 acres of government land to any citizen who would live on and cultivate it for five years.

Homestead Act.

What was the primary goal of the Populist Party in the late 19th century?

To represent the interests of farmers and workers against the banking and railroad industries.

What did the Dawes Act of 1887 attempt to do to Native American culture?

"It attempted to assimilate Native Americans by splitting up reservations and giving individual families land to farm

What did Andrew Carnegie's 'Gospel of Wealth' argue?

It argued that the wealthy had a responsibility to use their fortunes to benefit society through philanthropy.

What were the ex-slaves who migrated west to Kansas after the Civil War called?

Exodusters.

What were the 'Exodusters'?

"African Americans who migrated from states along the Mississippi River to Kansas in the late nineteenth century

Which political party did the vast majority of African Americans support during Reconstruction?

The Republican Party.

"What were settlement houses

such as Jane Addams' Hull House?"

"The _ Act of 1887 was the first federal law to regulate private industry

specifically targeting unfair practices by railroads."

"In his Gettysburg Address

Lincoln redefined the Civil War as a struggle for a 'new birth of _.'"