Succession

Stage 1 - colonisation

Bare rock is exposed due to some type of disturbance such as a volcanic eruption. No soil is currently present.

Stage 2 - establishment

Pioneer species such as lichens and mosses establish themselves on the rock substrate.

Stage 3 - competition

Pioneer species die and decay, providing soil and nutrients for other plant species like shrubs and small trees.

Stage 4 - stabilisation

Small and large trees begin to grow and the community reaches an equilibrium balance. This results in a climax community.