Energy consumption

T7 - Carbon

energy consumption - urban

• consumes 75% of the worlds energy

• largely secondary energy - esp. in developed nations

secondary energy

energy forms derived from primary energy sources through a transformation process

• makes them usable for various applications

• e.g. generating electricity from coal or natural gas

• travel t homes/businesses through power lines

energy consumption - rural

• many areas without secondary energy - lack of resources/finances to develop the infrastructure

• renewable becomes more affordable - some places installed solar panels to provide electricity

• e.g peru - installed panels on 500,000 homes (2006-2015)

energy source types

• non renewable - finite

• renewable = continuous flows that are constantly reused

• recyclable = reprocessed uranium from nuclear plants

primary energy sources

sources used in their raw form

• fossil fuels, nuclear energy

• can be used to generate electricity (secondary sources)

Uk - foreign energy

• used less energy in 2015 than 1998 (energy saving tech)

• using more renewable energy - 25%

• decline in natural gas/oil in north sea

• uk has energy deficiency = energy insecure

• requires imported energy

uk - energy history

• relied on domestic coal until 1970s

• leaders in nuclear tech - 1950-1970

• now agreed to cut CO2 emissions

uk energy access - public perception

• potential for shale gas - extracted by fracking

• unpopular bc. env. impacts of fracking - most of uk against it

• privatisation of uk energy - suppliers include foreign companies

• these companies decide sources

uk energy access - domestic vs foreign

domestic

• North Sea oil reduced dependency on Middle East oil

• expensive to extract - when prices fall its cheaper to buy foreign

• declines in reserves

• 150 years worth coal in uk - unable to extract

uk energy access - environmental priorities

• 2015 - agreed to reduce emissions by 40% (by 2030, based on 1990 levels)

• broadened renewable sources

• 2015 - abandoned ‘green deal’ conservation/insulation scheme

• 2015 emissions - 7.12 tonnes pp (11.5 in 1980)

Norway energy access - costs

• higher use per capita (5754kg oil, uk = 2752kg)

• higher household costs (£2400, uk = £1300)

Norway energy access - public perception

• foreign comps. prevented by gvmt to own primary energy source sites (e.g. mines)

• taxes paid on FF sales, gvmt uses to boost standard of living

• profits from sale - fund alternative fuel sources

Norway energy access - physical access

• HEP used - steep valley, high rainfall

• provides 98% of renewable - low investment, expensive to transfer the electricity

• oil/natural gas exported - uses deepwater drilling

• excess of coal - exported

Norway energy access - environmental priorities

• 2015 - agreed to reduce GHG emissions by 40% (by 2030, based on 1990 level)

• 3rd largest hydrocarbon exporter

• 2016 - policy for change - aim to make Norway carbon neutral by 2050

• 2015 - emissions 11.74 pp (11.6 in 1989)

energy players

• consumers

• governments

• TNCs

• OPEC

energy players - OPEC

• crucial in economic/social development for countries where oil is largest export (e.g. saudi arabia)

• 81% of oil reserves in OPEC nations

• ensures steady income for producers, fair return for investors, sufficient supply for customers

OPEC

the organisation of petroleum exporting countries

• permanent inter-governmental org.

• member nations produce and export oil

energy players - TNCs

• locate, extract and distribute energy sources

• e.g. BP (uk), Shell (uk/netherlands), Petrobras (brazil), reliance (india)

• invest and develop own supply and distribution network

• can include processing raw resource, and energy production

• respond to market to ensure profits - stakeholders remain secure

energy player - governments

• must meet international obligations - reducing CO2 emissions

• must secure current and future energy supplies

• can regulate private companies

• set up environmental priorities

energy players - consumers

• create demand for electricity and primary resources

• some consumer onto over energy consumed - install solar panels, purchase electric car

• protests against nuclear and fracking - impact whether these fuels can be used

high supply countries - oil

• Venezuela - 298 billion barrels

• Saudi Arabia - 268 billion barrels

• in some developed nations - Canada

• top 10 supplies - mainly emerging/developing nations = Iran, iraq, Kuwait, UAE, Russia

high supply countries - coal

• usa - 237,000 million tonnes

• russia - 157,000 million tonnes

• in some developed countries - USA, australia, Germany

• top 10 supplies - mainly emerging/developing = Russia, china, india, South Africa

high supply countries - gas

• russia - 47,800 billion m³

• iran - 33,610 billion m³

• some in developed - USA - 9,260 billion m³

• top 10 supplies mainly emerging = iran, UAE, Qatar, Turkmenistan

high FF demand

china

• economic development - oil cons. x2 btwn. 2000 and 2010

• will be largest energy importer by 2035

• 3rd largest coal reserve - consume more than can be supplied domestically

• disparity between supply and demand

pipelines

lines that run overground/underground/along a seabed

• transport natural gas and oil

transmission lines

high voltage lines that carry electricity from power plants to where its needed

• carry high voltage electricity to substations

• substation - decrease voltage for domestic consumption

the national grid

the interconnected transmission lines system in the uk

energy transport

• roads/railway

• shipping routes

energy transport - shipping routes

• transports 50% of worlds oil on tankers

• can transport gas in liquid form (LNG - liquid natural gas)

• chokepoints occur

energy transport - shipping route chokepoints

• narrow sea channels where transport can easily be disrupted

• 8 in the world - straight of hormuz

• is blocked/threatened - energy prices can rise

• energy security of nations dependent on oil/gas is threatened

energy transport - road/railway

• can transport oil

• USA - uses rain to transport oil from refineries (along W and E coast)

• move 50% of 265 million oil barrels from bakken to east coast

impact on energy security - pipelines

• placed to avoid transit states

• e.g. Gazprom in russia - 1200km of nord stream pipeline, along Baltic Sea bed

• if damaged - big impacts

• e.g. winter storms 2013 - damaged uk importing pipeline, left them with 6 hours of gas reserves

impact on energy security - piracy

• 2015 - piracy attacks on strait of malacca

• seized for hostage payments

• happened 500 times (2009-2015)

energy security

the ability to access reliable and affordable sources of energy

• can be domestic or foreign sources

tonnes of oil equivalent

a unit used to include all forms of energy by comparing them with oil

• in terms of heat output

• measure energy by calculating heat obtained from burning 1 tonne

• convert it into amount of oil needed for same amount of energy

energy pathway

the flow of energy between a producer and a consumer

• includes how it reaches the customer - e.g. pipeline

global fossil fuel demand

• makes up 86% of energy mix

• global consumption increase 50% since 1990s

• largely driven by Chinese economic growth

transit state

a country/state where energy flows through on its way from producer to consumer

• often avoided for security reasons

multilateral energy pathway

between many countries

bilateral energy pathway

between 2 countries