bio 105 lab final

steps of the scientific method

make observation, ask a question, make a hypothesis, experiment, collect data, analyze, conclusion

control group

the group that does not get experimented on to compare to the experimental group

experimental group

the group receiving treatment/being experimented on

independent variable

(cause) variable that changes during an experiment and is being tested

dependent variable

(effect) measurable outcome as a result of the experiment

phototaxis

movement of an organism in response to light (positive is toward and negative is away from the light)

quadrat

a rectangular frame of space where species within that range can be counted to determine the diversity

dichotomous key

asking questions about the organism with yes or no response to determine what type of species something is, choose your own adventure style

bioblitz

an intense period of biological surveying in an attempt to record all the living species, or all the species of a particular group, within a designated area

biotic factor

living aspects of an environment, ex: animals, humans, herbivores

abiotic factor

nonliving aspects of an environment, ex: water, temperature, wind, light and pH

species richness

the number of different species in a community

relative abundance

the proportion of total organisms each species makes up in a community, # of individuals of a species/# of total individuals of all species

diversity index

calculations take species richness and abundance into account to quantify the biodiversity of a habitat

Simpson's diversity index

A rich ecosystem with high species diversity has a large value for the Simpson’s Diversity Index (D), while an ecosystem with little diversity has a low D value

when would you use a quadrat sample?

to make assumptions about larger communities

what does the diversity index tell you about a community?

insights into the species diversity and the health of the overall ecosystem

transect

use a baseline along which sampling is conducted

macroinvertebrate

any animal without vertebrae visible to the human eye without a microscope

biotic index

organisms that have low resistance to pollution receive a higher score than organisms with a high resistance

biotic score

range from 0-4, the lower the score the more polluted the environment is

primary consumers

eat other species that are autotrophic and make their own food (primary producers)

why ecologists assess macroinvertebrate populations to determine water quality

they're a source of energy for larger animals like fish and in turn for humans, they can survive different pollution levels, can provide information about pollution not present at the time of sample collection because some of them cannot move fast enough to escape poor conditions, easy to collect

compound microscope

used for viewing samples at high magnification (40 - 1000x)

dissecting microscope

sed to view three-dimensional objects and larger specimens, with a maximum magnification of 100x

objective lens

attached to a revolving nosepiece that can be rotated to select objectives with different magnifications (4x, 10x, 40x, 100x)

ocular lens

two lenses where you look into the microscope, already has 10x magnification in addition to objective lenses

stage

has a clip where the slide is placed to examine the specimen

fine focus knob

smaller knob, allows you to zoom in slower when already extremely close

coarse focus knob

larger knob, allows you to focus when farther away

illuminator

can be adjusted to provide different levels of light, lens below the stage

how DNA barcodes are used to identify and classify species and compare their
evolutionary relationships

short sequences of a specific gene are used to identify an organism, can be compared with other species to see their genetic similarities and classify them accordingly

how DNA barcoding can be used to construct a phylogenic tree

you can compare the DNA of species to determine if they have common ancestors and place them accordingly in a phylogenic tree

why DNA barcoding represents an advance over historical frameworks for species identification

allows non-experts to identify a species even from a small amount of sample/damaged specimens/processed material,

how to extract the DNA

extract tissue, add lysis and grind the tissue, incubate, centrifuge, add more buffers and solutions (didn't want to write them all) and repeat centrifuge and incubation several times until you end with supernatant (liquid above pellet) that will contain DNA from the sample

polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

used to amplify a piece of your organisms DNA with a specific
primer, portion is taken and gel electrophoresis is used to determine the size of the gene piece

Cytochrome c-oxidase

short 648 base-pair gene region that can be used for identification of almost all invertebrate and vertebrate animal groups is in this gene

phylogenic tree

tree that shows how closely related your collected species is to other species

taxonomy

science of classifying organisms according to those shared characteristics

binomial system

two part naming system with the genus first followed by the species

how crabs affected snail shell thickness

crabs ate snails with thin shells because it took less energy so the snails with thick shells survived and reproduced (periwinkles on Appledore Island)

scientific writing

concise

importance of citations

supports your ideas, shows you have done research and your evidence isn't opinion based, gives credit

goal of scientific writing

communication observations and analyses, build on the foundation of other discoveries, continually advance our understanding

title, intro, methods, results, discussion

basic components of scientific writing

UNE Scopus

where to find peer reviewed sources

alleles

alternate versions of genes (they have different DNA sequences which may or may not code for different proteins)

gene pool

total collection of genes in a population

malaria

most common in Africa but occurs in warmer climates
worldwide, one copy of sickle cell allele can protect from malaria

organism that causes malaria

mosquito

protist

unicellular eukaryotes that exist as independent cells or do not show differentiation into tissues if they exist in colonies

autotroph

makes own food

heterotroph

consumes primary producers that make own food

multicellular colonies

provides many possibilities for specialization like formation of tissues

characteristics of all plants

(1)having chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids in their chloroplasts; (2) storing food as starch; (3) having cell
walls made of cellulose; (4) a life cycle involving an alternation of sporophyte and gametophyte generations

adaptations that led to the four major groups of plants (bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms, and angiosperms)

(1) protection of the embryo; (2) development of a vascular system; (3) production of seeds; and (4) flowers

photosynthesis

use sunlight to synthesize own food from water and CO2

sporophyte

diploid generation of the alternation of generations life cycle, produces haploid spores that develop into the haploid generation

gametophyte

haploid generation of the alternation of generations life cycle, produces gametes that unite to form diploid zygote

eudicot

two embryonic leaves, net veined leaves, vascular bundles in a ring, flower parts in multiples of four or five

monocot

one embryonic leaf, parallel veined leaves, scattered vascular bundles, flower parts in multiples of three

taproot

main axis of root that penetrates deeply and used by certain plants for food storage

monophyletic

meaning that both invertebrates and vertebrates can trace their ancestry to the same ancestor, most likely a colonial flagellate

major evolutionary adaptations of invertebrates

true tissues, true coelom, symmetry (asymmetry, radial, bilateral), embryos are diplo or triploblastic (2 or 3 germ layers, protostomes (mouth first) or deuterostomes (mouth second)

eumetazoa

all multicellular forms of animal kingdom except sponges

radial symmetry

body plan where similar parts are arranged around a simple axis, ex: sea star

bilateral symmetry

body plan with two complementary halves, ex: humans

characteristics of all animals

monophyletic, body plans, symmetry, embryonic development

have an endoskeleton

sponges, vertebrates, echinoderms,

have an exoskeleton

molluscs, arthropods,

has asymmetry

sponges

has bilateral symmetry

spiralia (lophotrocozoans/platyzoans (lophophorans, trochozoans, molluscs, annelids, flatworms, flukes, tapeworms, rotifers,

has radial symmetry

ctenophores, cnidarians, echinoderms (as adults)

has hydrostatic skeleton

cnidarians, flatworms, roundworms, segmented worms, annelids

sponges

only animal to lack true tissues

stages of complete metamorphism

egg, larva, pupa, adult

stages of incomplete metamorphism

egg nymph adult (no pupa)

dorsal nerve cord

develops into the brain and the spinal cord

notochord

located just below the nerve chord and in vertebrates is replaced by the vertebral column

pharyngeal pouches

seen only in the embryonic stage of vertebrates, in some, this tissue develops into the gills; in others it becomes auditory structures, glands in the neck region, and larynx

four characteristics of all chordates

dorsal nerve cord, notochord, pharyngeal pouches, post anal tail

characteristics of tetrapods

four limbs, land animals, skull bones

advantages of the amniotic egg

could lay eggs on land because they are surrounded by fluid

advantages of a bony exoskeleton

more structure and support, more protective,