Culture and Socialisation

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Sociology

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43 Terms

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Norms
Unwritten rules of behaviour for specific social situations
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Values
Beliefs that are seen as important and worthwhile in society
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Culture
The shared, learned way of life of a social group based around norms and values
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Socially constructed
What is meaningful to people is not natural but instead agreed on by people
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Social construction
Our culture is a product of the society within which we live.
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Social change
The shared norms and values people in society hold will shift over time
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Sex Discrimination Act 1975
Unlawful for an individual to be discriminated against in the workplace based on their sex or marital status
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The Equality Act 2010
Protects people from discrimination in the workplace and in wider society based on nine protected characteristics
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Nine protected characteristics
Age, disability, gender reassignment, marriage/civil partnership, pregnancy/maternity, race, religion/beliefs, sex and sexual orientation
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Value Consensus-Durkheim
A shared set of norms and values achieved through socialisation needed for a healthy, functioning society
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Anomie-Durkheim
If many people in society are unsure of norms and values this leads to emotional distress, higher suicide and crime rates. Occurs during times of social change
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British values taught in schools
Democracy, The rule of law, Individual liberty and Respect and tolerance of those with different faiths and beliefs
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Subcultures (cultures within cultures)
Share many aspects of the wider culture that dominates society but also have some of their own norms and values
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Deviant subcultures
Groups with norms and values that go against those held by the rest of society
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ASS
Willis
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Cultural diversity
There can be different subcultures within societies and different cultures in societies around the world
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Cultural transmission
Learning a society's culture through socialisation
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Socialisation
Life long process of learning the culture of society and the norms and values through the six agents of socialisatio
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Primary socialisation - Parsons
The first stage of learning norms and values, occurring within the family through their parents, guardians and relatives
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Secondary socialisation - Parsons
The second stage of learning norms and values occurring through agents of socialisation like education, peers, the media and religion.
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Agents of socialisation
Institutions of society where the norms and values are learnt and culture is passed on
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6 agents of socialisation
Family, education, peers, the media, religion and the workplace
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The nature/nurture debate
Whether behaviour and identity are mainly inherited (genetic) or acquired (learned)
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Nature side
Biologists believe human behaviour is largely the product of nature.
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Nurture side
Sociologists believe that human behaviour is largely acquired and learnt through socialisation
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Feral children - Oxana Malaya
Human children who have lived isolated from human contact during their early years, reducing them to basic instinctive behaviours
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Role
Parts or functions a person plays in a situation, organisation, group or society that each come with different expectation and responsibilities
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Role conflict
When the demands and expectations of one role clash with those of another
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Status
A person's social position or standing in society that can be ascribed (fixed from birth/involuntary) or achieved (earnt)
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Social mobility
Being able to change your achieved status by having opportunities to move up and down the levels of hierarchy
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Gender roles
The norms and values that men and women are expected to have
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Gender role socialisation
The process by which girls and boys learn these norms and values through all agents of socialisation, specifically family
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Socially constructed gender roles - Butler
The media stereotyping gender roles is so powerful that it is very difficult to avoid gender role socialisation
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Gender roles taught by parents - Ann Oakley
Parents teach gender roles through canalisation and verbal appellations
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Canalisation - Oakley
The process where parents channel their children into use of toys and activities seen as the norms for their gender
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Verbal appellations - Oakley
Speaking to children in a way that reinforces gender roles
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Expressive and instrumental roles - Parsons 1955
The husband plays an instrumental role focused on achieving success at work and fulfilling financial needs. Wife plays expressive role fulfilling emotional needs and looking after the household. This model works because they are naturally more suited to each role due to biological differences.
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3 key processes of socialisation
Imitation and Role Models, Rewards and Sanctions, Formal and informal social control
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Imitation and role models
A role model is a person someone looks up to and will imitate their behaviour to be like them
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Rewards and sanctions
A reward is a positive outcome to encourage repetition of a behaviour. A sanction is a negative outcome to stop a behaviour
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Formal and informal social control
Formal social control is the use of clear rules or laws to manage behaviour. Informal social control is the use of unwritten rules and social pressure to control behaviour. Both ensure conformity and obedience amongst a population
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Social identity
A sense of self developed through social interactions with others that is fluid and can change over time.
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Types of identity
Class, age, gender, ethnicity, nationality