Biology - Chapter 14

14.1

RNA V.S DNA

DNA: deoxyribose, two strands, thymine

RNA: ribose, single stranded, uracil

14.2

Types of RNA

1. mRNA (messenger): carries copies of instructions for the assembly of amino acids into proteins from DNA to the rest of the cell.

2. rRNA (ribosomal): combines with proteins to form ribosomes

3. tRNA (transfer): carries each amino acid into a ribosome during protein synthesis

14.3

Transcription

synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template

14.4

Translation

process by which the sequence of bases of an mRNA is converted into the sequence of amino acids of a protein

14.5

RNA Polymerase (enzyme)

enzyme that links together in the growing chain of RNA nucleotides during transcription using a DNA strand as a template

14.6

Roles of protein in cells

Provide structural support, transporting molecules, and energy storage

14.7

Gene

the basic physical and functional unit of heredity.

14.8

Codon

group of three nucleotide bases in mRNA that specify a particular amino acid to be incorporated into that protein

14.9

Anticodon

group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to the three bases of a codon of mRNA

14.10

Mutations

change in the genetic material of a cell

14.11

Frame shift mutations

mutation that shifts the “reading frame” of the genetic message by inserting or deleting a nucleotide

14.12

Deletion

a genetic mutation where a segment of DNA is lost or removed from the chromosome

14.13

Insertion

the addition of one or more nucleotide base pairs into a DNA sequence

14.14

Point Mutation

gene mutation in which a single base pair in DNA has been changed

14.15

Mutagen

chemical or physical agents in the environment that interact with DNA and may cause a mutation

14.16

Chromosome Mutation

changes in the structure or number of chromosomes within a cell