STS - Chapter 2

Intellectual Revolutions

What revolution is Geocentrism

Copernican Revolution

• Earth-centered model of the universe

• “The Mathematical Compilation”

Geocentrism

• He proposed the Earth-centered model of the universe

• Expressed in his book, “The Mathematical Compilation”

• His ideas were deeply believed and used in the field of religion for centuries

Claudius Ptolemy

✓Earth is not moving

✓The sun, planets, moon, and other celestial bodies revolves around Earth

Geocentrism

believed in a geocentric Universe and that the planets and stars were perfect spheres though Earth itself was not.

Aristotle

✓Contradicted the Geocentric view

✓Sun-centered model of the universe

✓Controversial because it went against the teachings in religion that the earth is the center of the universe

Heliocentrism

Heliocentrism by

Nicolaus Copernicus

✓Sun is the one that’s not moving

✓The Earth, other planets, moon, and other celestial bodies revolves around the Sun

Heliocentrism

Supporters and Contributor of Heliocentrism

✓Tycho Brahe

✓Johannes Kepler

✓Galileo Galilei

✓Isaac Newton

✓Albert Einstein

Charles Darwin Revolution called

Darwinian Revolution

✓Theory of Evolution expressed in his book, “On the Origin of Species”.

✓Posited that populations pass through a process in which only the fittest would survive

✓Believed that diverse groups of animals evolve from one or a few common ancestors;

✓controversial during his time because people thought it was a contradiction against the teaching of the church that the source of life is a powerful creator

Charles Darwin

Sigmund Freud’s Revolution

Freudian Revolution

✓Founded psychoanalysis - commonly used to treat depression and anxiety disorders

✓Believes that our Personality is a product of 3 conflicting elements: Id, Ego, Superego

✓He got criticized by other scientists during his time because his concepts were more philosophical and supernatural with no scientific basis as support.

Sigmund Freud

3 conflicting elements: Id, Ego, Superego

ID

EGO

SUPEREGO

commonly used to treat depression and anxiety disorders

psychoanalysis

In Freud's theory of Psychosexual Development, which is the last component of personality to develop.

Superego

Is the basic, primal part of personality; it is present from birth.

Id

begins to develop during the first three years of a child's life.

Ego

starts to emerge around age five

Superego

Part of the unconscious that seeks pleasure

Id

Maintain a realistic sense here on earth and is responsible for creating balance between pleasure and pain

Ego

Develops around age four or five, incorporates the morals of society

Superego

Psychosexual Development stages

• Oral

• Anal

• Phallic

• Latency

• Genital

(Birth to 1 year old)- fixations can lead to eating and drinking problems, smoking or nail-biting

Oral

(1-3 years old)- if parents always strict with their kid’s toilet training, it can lead to a messy, wasteful, destructive or obsessive compulsive personality when they grow up.

Anal

(3-6 years old)- kids are made aware of their sex difference and learn to identify themselves as a boy or as a girl.

Phallic

(6 years old to puberty)- sexual desires as repressed and energy is redirected to developing new skills and knowledge and being friends with the same gender

Latency

(puberty to adulthood)- sexual instinct is directed to opposite sex. Adults who have not satisfied their Oral Stage may lead to having sexual pleasures primarily on kissing and oral sex only, rather than the intercourse itself.

Genital