nutrition module 13- pregnancy, breastfeeding, and infant feeding

how long does a full term pregnancy last?

38-42 weeks

how long are each trimester

13 weeks

how much weight gain in pregnancy is from fluid

around 10 pounds

how much weight gain in pregnancy is from solid material

around 13 pounds

what is considered low birth weight

less than 5.5 pounds

how much weight gain is recommended during pregnancy if you are BMI of less than 18.5

28-40 lbs

how much weight gain is recommended during pregnancy if you are BMI of 18.5 to 24.9

25-35 lbs

how much weight gain is recommended during pregnancy if you are BMI of 25-29.9

15-25 lbs

how much weight gain is recommended during pregnancy if you are BMI of over 30

11-20 lbs

how much extra calories should a woman in her first trimester intake?

none!

how much extra calories should a woman intake after her first trimester?

200-300 calories above pre pregnant requirements

how much extra protein should a pregnant mom get?

around 25g

by how much does protein requirements increase for pregnant women

25g per day

which macro is the primary energy source for pregnant women

carbs

how many carbs should a pregnant woman intake per day?

more than 175g

which types of carbs should pregnant women cut back on?

simple sugars or empty calories

what fats are pregnant women recommended to increase intake of?

EPA and DHA

what type of essential fatty acid is EPA and DHA? which one is most related to the brain

omega 3, DHA

what is the RDA for folate for both pregnant and planning to be pregnant women?

600 micrograms

what happens when a mother does not ingest enough folate during pregnancy

increased risk for neural tube defects like spina bifida and anencephaly

what is the RDA for iron in pregnant women

27 micrograms 

if pregnant women don’t menstruate, why do they need more iron?

because they need to make more red blood cells to carry oxygen to the fetus!!

in which trimester does calcium needs increase the most

third

inadequate zinc intake can lead to

birth defects

what is the recommended water intake for pregnant women

1-1.5mL of water per calorie consumed

what is the recommended ratio of calories to water?

1:1

the craving and eating of substances that are not food

PICA

hormonal changes can also relax the lower esophageal sphincter, resulting in…

heartburn

what is the name for fluid retention that results in swelling of the extremities

edema

what treats pre-eclampsia

calcium

what is pre-eclampsia

high blood pressure in pregnant women

what are the symptoms of eclampsia

convulsions and seizures

what hormone causes gestational diabetes

human placental lactogen

• macrosomia

• low blood glucose following delivery

• increased chances for type 2 diabetes in mother

complications of gestational diabetes

• growth retardation

• facial abnormalities

• central nervous system dysfunction

characteristics of fetal alcohol syndrome

• miscarriages

• preterm delivery

• smaller birth weight (microsomia)

• may impair blood flow to fetus, resulting in decreased nutrient delivered to baby

risks of smoking while pregnant

where is listeria most commonly found

uncooked meats, vegetables, and unpasteurized milk

how long should a mother breastfeed EXCLUSIVELY for

6 months

why is breastmilk so important for baby

because it is considered the perfect nutrition for babies

after 6 months, what should the mom do to feed the child?

supplement breastmilk with foods

if the baby is 1 month premature, you extend breastfeeding for…

1 month

how long is a mom breastfeeding in TOTAL

12 months

what type of immunity do babies get from their mothers breastmilk

innate

what does alpha lactalbumin do for a baby

increases immune function

what is lactoferrin

milk iron

what is igA

immunoglobulin A: antibodies

what is the first milk produced after birth (yellow and thin)

colostrum

• high in antibodies

• contains maternal antibodies and serves as a laxative

colostrum

what is meconium

babies first poop

how many calories should a mom consume EXTRA for the first SIX months while exclusively breastfeeding

500 cals extra

how many calories should a mom consume EXTRA for the first TWELVE months while exclusively breastfeeding

400 cals extra

why should you never give an infant animal milk?

their kidneys cant handle it

why are infants at greater risk for dehydration

they lose water more because of high body temp, and their kidneys are not fully developed

what is the tongue thrusting reflex called

extrusion reflex

what is the typical sequence of foods introduced to babies after 6 months

1. iron fortified cereal

2. fruits and vegetables

3. meats

infants or toddlers who go to bed with sippy cups are more at risk for developing

bottle mouth syndrome