Medical Laboratory Science Principles Flashcards

Heinemann's Definition of Medical Technology

The application of principles of natural, physical, and biological sciences to the performance of laboratory procedures which aid in the diagnosis and treatment of disease.

Anne Fagelson's Definition of Medical Technology

The branch of medicine concerned with the performance of laboratory determinations and analyses used in the diagnosis and treatment of disease and the maintenance of health.

Philippine Medical Technology Act of 1969 (R.A. 5527)

An act defining Medical Technology as an auxiliary branch of laboratory medicine dealing with examinations by various medical procedures to aid the physician in diagnosis, study, and promotion of health.

Hippocrates

Father of Medicine (300 BC - 180 AD) who advocated urine testing, noted bubbles, blood, and pus in urine for kidney disease, and formulated the Four Humors.

Four Humors

The primary body fluids identified by Hippocrates: Blood, Phlegm, Yellow Bile, and Black Bile.

Galen

Student of Hippocrates who measured body fluids, described diabetes as 'diarrhea of urine', and established the relationship between fluid intake and urine volume.

Vivian Herrick

Identified intestinal parasites Taenia solium (pork), Taenia saginata (beef), and Ascaris in soil around 1500 BC.

Ebers Papyrus

Oldest and most important medical papyri of Ancient Egypt (1550 BC) discovered by George Moritz Ebers, describing 3 stages of hookworm infection.

Ruth Williams

Noted that urinalysis was a fad during the Medieval Period, where diagnosis by uroscopy was called 'water casting' and sweet urine attracted ants.

Alessandra Gillani

A prominent 14th-century Italian physician at the University of Bologna, documented by Anne Fagelson as one of the earliest medical technologists.

Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

Invented and improved the compound microscope (1840), first described RBCs and protozoa, and classified bacteria by shape.

Marcelo Malpighi

Greatest early microscopist and Father of Physiology and Embryology who made significant contributions to anatomy and embryology.

Rudolf Virchow

Father of modern Pathology and founder of the Archives of Pathology in Berlin (1847).

Herman Fehling

Performed the first quantitative test for urine sugar in 1848.

Spirometer

Medical device invented by Josh Hutchinson used to measure air volume in the lungs.

Sphygmomanometer

Medical device invented by Jules Herisson used to measure arterial blood pressure.

Stethoscope

Acoustic medical device invented by Rene Laennec in 1816 used for auscultation of internal body sounds.

Ophthalmoscope

Medical instrument invented by Hermann von Helmholtz in 1850 used to inspect the interior of the eye.

Laryngoscope

Medical instrument invented by Manuel Garcia in 1855 used to view the larynx.

X-Ray

Diagnostic imaging modality discovered by Wilhelm Roentgen in 1859.

Electrocardiograph

Device invented by William Einthoven in 1903 to record electrical activity of the heart.

Kenny Method

Treatment protocol for polio introduced by Elizabeth Kenny in 1910.

Drinker Respirator

Mechanical ventilator invented by Philip Drinker in 1927 to assist breathing in paralyzed patients.

Cardiac Catheterization and Angiography

Medical procedure first operated by Forsmann (1929), developed by Reboul, Moniz, and Rousthoi (1930-1940), and refined by Cournand as the safest method for humans.

William Pepper Laboratory of Clinical Medicine

First clinical laboratory in the United States, opened in 1895 at the University of Pennsylvania.

John Kolmer

Published 'The Demand for and Training of Laboratory Technician' in 1918 and developed a certification method for medical technologists.

American Society for Clinical Pathology (ASCP)

Organization created in 1922 to foster cooperation between physicians and clinical pathologists.

Laboratorio Municipal de Manila

Laboratory established by Spanish authorities in 1887 for the analysis of food, water, and clinical specimens.

First Reserve Hospital

Converted Spanish Military Hospital established in 1898 by Lt. Col. Henry Lipincott, Chief Surgeon of the Division of the Pacific and Eighth Army Corps.

Bureau of Government Laboratories

Laboratory in Ermita, Manila created under PH Commission Act No. 156 with Paul Freer as first director, later destroyed in WWII.

Manila Public Health Laboratory

First clinical laboratory in the Philippines, established by the 26th Medical Infantry of the 6th Division of the US Army at Quiricada St., Sta. Cruz, Manila.

Dr. Alfredo Pio de Roda

Organized the Manila Public Health Laboratory on October 1, 1945, assisted by Dr. Mariano Icasiano.

Dr. Prudencia Sta. Ana

Prepared a 6-month formal training syllabus with certificates for aspiring laboratory workers alongside Dr. Pio de Roda.

Mrs. Willa Hedrick

Opened the first Medical Technology school in the Philippines at Manila Sanitarium and Hospital with an internship program affiliated with Loma Linda University.

Dr. Jesse Umali

First graduate of the Bachelor of Science in Medical Technology program in the Philippines (1956) from Philippine Union College.

Medical Technologist

A healthcare professional certified and registered with the PRC to perform laboratory tests under the supervision of a pathologist or licensed physician.

PASMETH

Philippine Association of Schools of Medical Technology and Public Health, Inc., established May 13, 1970 and formally registered with the SEC on October 6, 1985.

Dr. Gustavo Reyes

First President of PASMETH during its first official meeting at UST on June 22, 1970.

PASMETH Seal

The official seal of PASMETH featuring a circle (continuity of learning), diamond (4 association objectives), and microscope (MedTech and Public Health).

PAMET

Philippine Association of Medical Technologists, the national organization of registered medical technologists in the Philippines organized on September 15, 1963.

Crisanto G. Almario

Known as the 'Father of PAMET' who organized the association on September 15, 1963 at the Manila Public Health Laboratory.

PAMET Seal

Official emblem of PAMET featuring a circle (continuous involvement), triangle (trilogy of love, respect, integrity), green color (health), microscope & snake (profession), and 1964 (first election year).

Charlemagne T. Tamondong

First PAMET president who served 3 consecutive terms (1963-1967) under the theme 'Emergence of the Profession' and promoted House Bill No. 7682.

Nardito D. Moraleta

PAMET President (1967-1970) known as the 'Father of the Medical Technology Profession' who was instrumental in passing RA 5527 and incorporating PAMET in 1969.

Felix E. Asprer

PAMET President (1970-1971, 1973-1976) who served 5 years, secured approval of PD 498 in 1974, and accredited PAMET as the APO under PD 223.

Bernardo T. Tabaosares

PAMET President (1971-1973) who proclaimed the 3rd week of September as Medical Technology Week and organized the Davao chapter.

Angelina R. Jose

PAMET President in 1973 with the shortest tenure (8 months), who worked for the approval of professional tax for RMTs.

Venerable C.V. Oca

PAMET President (1977-1981) who focused on educational enhancement, monthly CPE seminars, and medical missions.

Carmencita P. Acedera

PAMET President (1982-1991) who focused on image building, hazard pay, scholarships, and international recognition.

Marilyn R. Atienza

PAMET President (1992-1996) who focused on proactivism, approval of the 1992 constitution, and inclusion of MedTechs in Hazard Pay.

Norma Chang

PAMET President (1997-2000) and former PASMETH president who revised the Code of Ethics and established the Safeguard Scholarship.

Agnes B. Medenilla

PAMET President (2001-2002, 2005-2006) who advocated for organizational dynamism and House Bill 4742.

Shirley F. Cruzada

PAMET President (2003-2004) who focused on interdisciplinary networking and a MOA with DOH-NRL for drug testing training.

Leila M. Florento

PAMET President (2007-2013) under the leadership themes 'Beyond Expectations' and 'Global Perspectives'.

Romeo Joseph Ignacio

PAMET President (2013-2014) during the 'Golden Celebration' who introduced the V.O.I.C.E. motto.

Ronaldo E. Puno

PAMET President (2014-2020) who advocated for empowerment and promoted the 'ONE PAMET' slogan.

Rommel F. Saceda

PAMET President (2021-2022) who provided strategic leadership during the COVID-19 pandemic under 'WE ARE PAMET'.

Luella A. Vertucio

Current PAMET President (2023-Present) advocating for 'Cohesive Collaboration', transparency, and good governance.

Laboratory Director

A pathologist or doctoral scientist with ultimate responsibility for all laboratory operations and management.

Laboratory Manager

Personnel responsible for day-to-day laboratory operations, setting personnel standards, observing performance, and maintaining instruction manuals.

General Supervisor / Department Head

Personnel responsible for the quantity and quality of work performed, training employees, and evaluating bench performance.

Testing Personnel / Bench Technologist

Medical technologist who directly performs routine and specialized analytical procedures at the bench.

Medical Laboratory Technician

Personnel who assists medical technologists in performing laboratory assays.

Phlebotomist

Healthcare professional trained specifically in performing venipuncture and blood collection procedures.

Clinical Chemistry Section

Laboratory section that analyzes serum and body fluids for chemical components such as glucose, enzymes, and electrolytes.

Microbiology Section

Laboratory section where specimens are examined microscopically and cultured to identify infectious agents like bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites.

Hematology Section

Laboratory section that performs tests on whole blood to evaluate blood cells (RBCs, WBCs, platelets), hemoglobin, hematocrit, and coagulation.

Clinical Microscopy Section

Laboratory section that conducts physical, chemical, and microscopic examinations of urine, stool, semen, and other non-blood body fluids.

Blood Bank (Immunohematology) Section

Laboratory section responsible for donor screening, blood component preparation, ABO/Rh typing, antibody screening, and cross-matching.

Serology (Immunology) Section

Laboratory section where blood samples are tested for antigen-antibody reactions to diagnose infectious and immune diseases.

Cytology Section

Laboratory section involved in examining individual cellular specimens (e.g., Pap smear) to detect abnormal, inflammatory, or malignant cells.

Histology Section

Laboratory section responsible for processing, microtome sectioning, and staining tissue biopsies for microscopic pathological diagnosis.

Venipuncture

The process of inserting a needle into a vein to collect blood samples, initiate IV therapy, or administer medications.

Capillary Puncture (Microtechnique)

Blood extraction technique using a dermal skin prick (e.g., fingerstick or heelstick) to collect small amounts of capillary blood.

Prefix (Medical Terminology)

A modifying word or syllable placed at the beginning of a medical root word to alter its meaning.

Stem (Medical Terminology)

The core part or root word of a medical term that specifies the organ, tissue, or body part involved.

Suffix (Medical Terminology)

A modifying syllable added at the end of a medical term to indicate a condition, disease, or procedure.

Aniso-

Medical prefix meaning unequal (e.g., anisocytosis).

Brady-

Medical prefix meaning slow (e.g., bradycardia).

Dys-

Medical prefix meaning bad, difficult, or improper (e.g., dysphagia).

Hyper- / Hypo-

Medical prefixes meaning above/excessive (hyper-) and under/deficient (hypo-).

Tachy-

Medical prefix meaning swift or fast (e.g., tachycardia).

Adeno-

Medical stem word meaning gland (e.g., lymphadenitis).

Carcin-

Medical stem word meaning cancer (e.g., carcinogen).

Cyt(o)-

Medical stem word meaning cell (e.g., monocyte).

Erythro-

Medical stem word meaning red (e.g., erythrocyte).

Hem(a)-

Medical stem word meaning blood (e.g., hematology).

Hepat(o)-

Medical stem word meaning liver (e.g., hepatitis).

Nephro- / Ren-

Medical stem words meaning kidney (e.g., nephrectomy, adrenal).

Phleb- / Ven-

Medical stem words meaning vein (e.g., phlebotomy, intravenous).

-centesis

Medical suffix meaning surgical puncture to remove fluid (e.g., amniocentesis).

-ectomy

Medical suffix meaning surgical excision or removal (e.g., gastrectomy).

-emia

Medical suffix meaning presence in the blood (e.g., bilirubinemia).

-itis

Medical suffix meaning inflammation (e.g., pharyngitis).

-lysis

Medical suffix meaning breaking down, freeing, or dissolving (e.g., hemolysis).

-penia

Medical suffix meaning lack or deficiency of (e.g., leukopenia).

-poiesis

Medical suffix meaning to make or produce (e.g., hemopoiesis).

-stasis

Medical suffix meaning standing still, stopping, or remaining same (e.g., hemostasis).

AFB

Abbreviation for Acid Fast Bacillus.

CBC

Abbreviation for Complete Blood Count.