INSTRUMENT STAGE 3

Define Approach

Predetermined manuever from IMC to a point that visual landing can be made from

What are the 3 different categories of an approaches?

Precision

Approach with vertical guidance

Non precision

What do precision approaches provide?

Lateral and vertical guidance

What do non precision approaches provide?

lateral guidance

What does APV provide?

Lateral and vertical guidance

What’s the difference between APV and Precision approaches?

Does not meet ICAO requirements

Which approaches have a decision altitude?

PA and APV

Which approaches have a MDA?

NPA

Type of equipment a PA uses

Ground equipment

Type of equipment a NPA uses

GPS OR ground equipment

Type of equipment APV uses

GPS only

Which approaches are PAs?

PAR - Precision approach radar

ILS - Instrument Landing System

GLS - GBAS landing system

Which approaches are NPA?

VOR

ASR - Approach surveillance radar

NDB

SDF - Simplified directional facility

LNAV + V - Lateral nav with vertical guidance

LP - Localizer performance

Localizer

LDA - Localizer directional aid

Explain LNAV + V

Non precision approach. Lateral navigation. WAAS adds vertical guidance, however, its advisory only.

Which approaches are APV?

LPV - Localizer Performance with vertical guidance

LNAV / VNAV - Lateral/vertical navigation

LDA / GS - Location directional aid with glide slope

PBN / RNP - Performance based navigation

Which APV’s require WAAS?

LPV & LNAV/VNAV

Explain LPV approach and the equipment required

APV. Requires WAAS and gets more sensitive as you get closer to the runway. Tapers down.

Explain LNAV/VNAV and the equipment requires

APV. Certified to follow glide slope. Requires WAAS or a baro-aiding altimeter, gets more sensitive in sections.

Explain DA

Decision altitude; MSL; requires a baro-altimeter

Explain DH

Decision height; AGL; requires a RADAR altimeter

Explain MDA

Minimum descent altitude, level off and continue to fly until reaching missed approach point, go missed if you don’t go visual.

What are the 3 requirements to land under IFR per FAR 91.175?

1. Normal decent rate with no manuevers

2. Visibility on approach plate is met

3. Must have one of 12 visual references

What are the 12 visual references required for a landing?

1. Threshold itself, Markings or lights

2. Touchdown zone itself, markings, or lights

3. Runway itself, markings or lights

4. Runway end identifier lights

5. Visual glideslope indicator

6. ALS when you can see the associated red

What are you allowed to do when you see the ALS according to FAR 91.175

Descend to at least 100 feet above field elevation, land when you see the associated red or one of the other 12 visual references.

3 different types of visibilities and their meanings

Flight visibility - What you can see from the cockpit

Ground visibility - What you can see from the ground

RVR - Runway visual range

How is RVR measured?

Transmissometers & scatterometers

How tall are transmissometers?

14 feet

When is RVR reported?

When visibility is less than 1 Statute mile

What are the different approach plate categories and what do they mean?

A: 0-90

B: 91-120

C: 121-140

D 141-165

E: 165+

How are aircraft assigned to an approach plate category?

Ref published by manufacturer

IF no manufacturer published VREF then Vs0 times 1.3

Can a pilot choose a different approach plate category than the one the aircraft falls into?

Can go up to the next category, cannot decide to go slower and go down

5 segments of an instrument approach

1. Initial

2. Intermediate

3. Final

4. Missed

5. Feeder Routes

What are the three components of an ILS and the associated equipment?

1. Guidance: Lateral (Localizer) & Vertical (Glideslope)

2. Range: Marker Beacons and DME

3. Visual Approach Lighting System

How far off course is a full scale deflection of the localizer CDI needle?

1.5 to 3 degrees

How far off course is a full scale deflection of the glide slope diamond?

.7 degrees

Explain what a visual approach is

ATC will put you in/near pattern and land visual

How will a pilot be assigned a visual approach?

Pilot request or ATC assigned

What are the 3 rules of a visual approach

1. Airport must be reporting at least MVFR & must maintain VFR

2. Airport in sight

3. Preceding aircraft in sight