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Natural Selection
The process where characteristics change over generations, with individuals possessing favorable traits surviving and passing on these traits.
Genetics
The study of genes and variations, determining physical and other traits.
Donald Johanson
A paleontologist who discovered the fossil of "Lucy," a human ancestor.
Bipedal
The ability to walk on two feet.
Hominid
A type of great ape including humans, chimps, gorillas, and orangutans.
Ethnography
Detailed study of a culture.
Cognitive Process
Mental operations the brain performs to process information.
Psychoanalysis
Analysis of the unconscious mind.
Inferiority Complex
Self-perfecting drive leading to feelings of inferiority when unsuccessful.
Yerkes-Dodson Law
Correlation between stress levels and productivity.
Social Group
Collection of individuals with mutual features interacting and having relationships.
Social Institutions
Established patterns serving specific social functions like religions, education, and family.
Socialization
Process of acquiring knowledge, attitudes, values, and behaviors of society.
Social Deviance
Behavior or individuals going against societal norms.
Structural Functionalism
Belief that each role, relationship, norm in society serves a purpose.
Anthropology
Systematic study of humankind.
Psychology
Science of human behavior.
Sociology
Study of social groups and organizations.
Nature vs
Debate on whether behavior is influenced by genetics (nature) or environment and culture (nurture).
Social Darwinism
Application of Darwin's theories to justify superiority based on genetics.
Impact of Gender on Social Sciences
Influence of gender roles on choices in social sciences.
Charles Darwin
Theorized human evolution and natural selection, observed species adaptations.
Bipedalism
Walking on two feet, freeing hands for other tasks.
The Ape Line
Evolutionary stages from Australopithecus to Homo Sapiens.
Cultural Anthropology
Study of human cultures and societies.
Rite of Passage
Ceremony marking important life milestones.
Parts of the Brain
Functions of different brain lobes and areas.
Sigmund Freud
The three parts of the mind - Id, Ego, Superego.
The Oedipus Complex
Desire for the opposite-sex parent.
Conditioning
Pavlovian and Operant conditioning methods.
Cognitive Bias
Individual's perception of reality based on their experiences.
Hierarchy of Needs
Maslow's theory of human needs from physiological to self-actualization.
Multiple Intelligence
Howard Gardner's theory of different types of intelligence.
Criteria for Identifying Mental Disorders
Distorted perception, inappropriate behavior, danger, discomfort.
Models of Mental Health Disorders
Psychoanalytical, Behavioral, Cognitive, Biological.
Categories of Mental Disorders
Anxiety, OCD, Dissociative, Personality, Schizophrenic, Eating, Psychophysiological, Impulse Control.
Not Criminally Responsible Defence (NCRD)
Legal defense for those committing crimes under mental illness.
Mental Health Treatments
Psychotherapy, CBT, Group Therapy, ECT, Pharmaceuticals.
Conflict Theory
Karl Marx's theory of societal conflict based on power and resources.
Cohesion Theory
Emphasizes order and social harmony for societal function.
Symbolic Interactionism
Focuses on how individuals interpret symbols and interact based on shared meanings.
Agents of Socialization
Religion and Family as influences on beliefs, morals, and relationships.
Aggressive Environment
Environment where children are exposed to violence and hostility, leading to a higher likelihood of displaying violent behavior.
Social Media Influence
The impact of social media and magazines on shaping an individual's self-perception and views of others, with different standards for men and women.
Socioeconomic Impact
The effects of actions like boycotting and striking on pressuring businesses or governments to change policies, and how technology and modernization can reshape economies and social interactions.
Key Figures in Psychology and Anthropology:
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Known for genetic discoveries using pea plants.
Louis Leaky
Founder of Leaky’s Angels, established proof in human evolution.
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"Father of modern anthropology," applied scientific method to anthropology.
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Developed the Myers-Briggs personality test.
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Demonstrated importance of love and comfort with newborn monkeys.
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Creator of the hierarchy of needs.
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Conducted the Stanford Prison Experiment.
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Conducted the Milgram Experiment on obedience.
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Conducted Pavlov's Dog Experiment, known for conditioning.
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Identified 4 basic temperaments of humankind with the Keirsey Temperament Sorter.
Skinner
Studied learning with positive and negative reinforcement using rats.
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Developed functionalism theory, viewing society as an interconnected system.
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Author of the communist manifesto, developed communism and conflict theory.
