Kemalism

Republicanism

Getting rid of the elite social order of the Ottoman empire, with a broader Republican system

Examples of Republicanism

* Capital moved from Istanbul to Ankara
* 1924- Constitution passed
* all sovereignty laid with the people


* Civil liberties were heavily restricted. 
* Opposition to the Republican People’s Party faced attacks
* Liberty of press was restricted
* 1931- New press law that allowed the government to shut down any newspapers that contradicted Kemal

Nationalism

Atatürk developed a sense of turkish nationalism by dividing the country and saying past ottoman empire territory and turkey are two different things. He created a purely Turkish identity.

Examples of nationalism

* 1925- Turkish Historical Society founded


* Reinterpreted history & emphasized Kemal’s role in movement


* 1926- Kemal’s memories were published
* Became the official history of modern Turkey
* 1934- History of Turkish Revolution” was taught in all schools

Populism

* Emphasized the common interests over the interest of a group/class


* Reforms were beneficial for all and were not limited to the elites. 

Secularism

Atatürk removed religion from the Turkish identity

Examples of secularism

* Closed religious schools and Islamic courts with civil courts


* 1928- “official religion of county is Islam” was removed from the constitution
* Established a clear separation of church & state

Reformism/revolutionism

The need to revolutionize Turkey and the Turkish way of life based on Kemal’s model. 

Aim 

* to bring about state-controlled change through active participation of the people


*  to strengthen the state with an ideology that united the  people
*  to bring Turkey closer to European nations

Examples of reformism

* Men were no longer allowed to wear fezs and women were discouraged from wearing veils (religious attire)


* 1926- European calendar replaced IslamicFre lunar calendar
* 1928- new Turkish alphabet replaced the Ottoman alphabet
* 1930- Women earned the right to vote and encouraged to pursue education

Statism/Etatism

Political system where the state has complete control over social & economic affairs

Examples of Statism/Etatism

Kemal strengthened the central government

Ataturk’s main objectives

* End turkey’s “sick man” reputation
* Restore turkish sovereignty in anatolia


* Revise treaty of sevres
* End the presence of foreign troops in turkey

Treaty of Sevres

Flashcard for Treaty of Sevres:

* Signed on August 10, 1920, after World War I.
* Forced the Ottoman Empire to give up territories to Greece, Italy, and other countries.
* Led to the Turkish War of Independence and the eventual signing of the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923.

Treaty of Lausanne

* Agreement signed in 1923
* Officially ended the state of war between Turkey and the Allied Powers
* Recognized Turkey's sovereignty and established its current borders
* Included provisions for the protection of minority rights and the exchange of populations

Treaty of Saadabad

Agreement signed in 1937 by Iran, Iraq, Turkey, and Afghanistan to promote economic and political cooperation, non-aggression, and cultural exchange.

Main objective of Kemalism

Show the world that turkey has changed

Turkification

Policy that forcefully replaced the multi-ethnic OE into a mono-ethnic Turkey by discouraging ethic minorities from speaking their languages, wearing their clothes and not recognizing them as ethnically different from Turks.

Secularization

Kemal wanted religion kept out of politics and the Turkish identity

* 1950’s- religion based political parties began to emerge


* 1982 constitution reinforced the secular identity of turkey
* 1990’s- more religious attire banned

Gender equality

Kemal wanted gender equality

* 1930’s- more women in politics and other high-level jobs
* 1990’s- less women in politics and other high-level jobs
* Almost no gap in male and female school attendance 
* Small gap in literacy rates

Relationship between Greece and Turkey

Presence of the Greek army 1919

* Bad for Turkish national pride
* Greece had once been a ottoman colony
* Never defeated the ottomans in battle during WWI
* Greeks advanced into anatolia
* Triggered turkish nationalism and started the turkish war for independence (1919)

How did Ataturk establish himself?

He first established his authority in Ankara (city in the middle of Anatolia)

* 1920-1922- dual power: 
* legal power remained with the sultan and parliament 
* Alternative power backed by grand national assembly, selected by resistance groups in Ankara 
* Kemal showed the weakness of the sultanate from the alternative seat

How did Ataturk show the weakness of the Sultanate?

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* Showed that the sultanate depended on the west


* Stressed sultans association with the signing of the treaty of Sevres- humiliation for turkey

Misak-i Milli

defined all Turkish land as land inhabited by Turks

* When it was published, french, italian, and british soldiers occupied istanbul
* Confirmed ottoman parliament’s lack of autonomy

How did Ataturk gain power?

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* While Istanbul was occupied by EP’s, the grand national assembly in Ankara represented turkey
* Became a voice for Turkish nationalists 
* Ataturk used this to make the alternative seat legitimate in the eyes of the turkish people

Mosul

On the border of turkey and iraq

* Divided up kurdish community
* Artificial border created by europeans and was based on oil reserves
* Because of Misak-i Milli, Mosul province should be considered turkish land but british forces still captured it
* Ataturk under pressure from GNA to defend Turkey
* He asked the LoN for help but they sided against turkey
* Kemal signed a treaty with iraq and the uk
* Mosul belongs to iraq

Mosul effects

Kemal limited civil liberties to deal with the dissent that followed the arbitration 

* Law of maintenance and order (1925)
* Purpose: to curb open discussions
* gave mosul to uk bc he thought a fight with them would weaken turkey


* He also believed that having more kurds in turkey would increase their strength and be bad for the republic