Atoms, Molecules, and Ions Part II Practice Flashcards

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering chemical bonding, ionic and covalent compound naming conventions, molecular mass, and separation techniques for mixtures.

Chemical bonds

The forces that hold the atoms together in a compound.

Ionic compounds

Compounds formed by transferring electrons from atoms of one element to atoms of another, resulting in charged particles called ions.

Covalent compounds

Compounds formed when atoms of different elements share electrons.

Binary ionic compound

The simplest type of ionic compound, typically formed when a metal reacts with a nonmetal.

Cation

A positively charged ion formed when a metal atom loses one or more electrons.

Anion

A negatively charged ion formed when a nonmetal atom gains one or more electrons.

Coulomb’s Law (applied to ionic bonding)

States that bonding strength depends on ion charges; ions with higher charges and smaller sizes attract each other more strongly.

Polyatomic ions

Ions consisting of two or more atoms bonded covalently that possess a net positive or negative charge.

Monoatomic ion charge (cations)

For main-group (A-group) metals, the ion charge equals the A-group number.

Monoatomic ion charge (anions)

For main-group (A-group) nonmetals, the ion charge equals the A-group number minus $8$.

$-ous$ (suffix)

Used in common names for transition metal ions with the lower charge, such as ferrous for $Fe^{2+}$.

$-ic$ (suffix)

Used in common names for transition metal ions with the higher charge, such as ferric for $Fe^{3+}$.

Oxyanions (oxoanions)

Polyatomic ions in which an element is bonded to one or more oxygen atoms.

$per-$ and $-ate$

Prefix and suffix used for the ion with the most oxygen atoms in a family of four oxyanions (e.g., $ClO_4^-$).

$hypo-$ and $-ite$

Prefix and suffix used for the ion with the least oxygen atoms in a family of four oxyanions (e.g., $ClO^-$).

Hydrates

Ionic compounds that contain a specific number of water molecules, often shown after a centered dot in the chemical formula.

Binary acids

Solutions named using the prefix $hydro-$ + nonmetal root + suffix $-ic$ + the word acid (e.g., $HCl$ is hydrochloric acid).

Oxyacid naming rule ($-ate$)

When an oxyanion ends in $-ate$, the corresponding acid suffix becomes $-ic$.

Oxyacid naming rule ($-ite$)

When an oxyanion ends in $-ite$, the corresponding acid suffix becomes $-ous$.

Molecular mass

The sum of atomic masses of the atoms in a molecule; used for covalent compounds.

Formula mass

The mass of a formula unit of an ionic compound, calculated using the atomic masses of elements in the formula.

Ball-and-stick model

A molecular representation showing atoms as balls and bonds as sticks, maintaining accurate bond angles.

Space-filling model

An accurately scaled-up representation showing relative atom sizes and distances between nuclei, without showing the bonds explicitly.

Heterogeneous mixture

A mixture with one or more visible boundaries among components, resulting in non-uniform composition.

Homogenous mixture (solution)

A mixture with no visible boundaries and uniform composition because components are individual atoms, ions, or molecules.

Filtration

A separation technique based on differences in particle size, used to separate solids from liquids.

Crystallization

A separation technique based on differences in solubility of substances in a solvent at a given temperature.

Distillation

A separation technique based on differences in volatility, or the tendency of a substance to become a gas.

Chromatography

A separation technique based on differences in solubility where a mobile phase flows through a stationary phase.