Cardio Vascular System

Heart, Cardio Anatomy & Flow, Heart Beat Cycle, Cardio Diseases, and Blood Typing

Coronary arteries

arteries branching off the aorta that delivers blood to the myocardium

pulmonary circulation

blood flow between the heart and lungs

systemic circulation

blood flow between the heart and body

function of blood

• transports

  • Oxygen from the lungs to body cells

  • Carbon dioxide from body cells to lungs

  • Nutrients from the digestive tract to body cells

  • metabolic wastes from body cells to organce of excretion (kidneys, sweat flands)

• temperature control

• hormones

components of blood (definition)_

composed of both solid and liquid components

composition of blood 1

55% plasma

• pale yellow liquid

  • 90% water 10% dissolved substances (nutrients, mineral salts, gases, metabolic waste, hormones, etc.)

Composition of blood 2

45% solids

• Primarily red and white blood cells, and platelets

erythrocytes - type of blood cells

• red blood cells

  • function: carry oxygen

  • contain protein called HEMOGLOBIN; carries both oxygen and carbon dioxide

  • hemoglobin carrying oxygen gives blood bright red color

luekocytes- type of blood cells

• white blood cells

  • fights infection

  • special ability to pass thru capillary walls to enter body tissues to suck out and destroy foreign invaders

  • 5 types of WBC: neutrophil_, eosinophil, basophil, monocyte, and lymphoyte each has own special ability

thrombocyte- type of blood cells

• platelets

  • cell fragment that clump to clot blood

Heart beat cycle; double pump

1. atria contract

2. ventricle contact

diastole

ventricle relaxed

systole

ventricle contracting

lub-dub sound caused by?

closing of valves

heart murmur

an abnormal heart sound due to malfunctioning valves (clicks, swishes)

conduction system of heart- sinoatrial (sa) node

• pacemaker of heart

• initiates electrical impulse

• impulse travels to both atria & causes them to contract

conduction system of heart- atrioventricular (an) node

• temporary delays the impulse from traveling to ventricle

Bundle of His

recieves impulse in septum

Height and left bundle branches

carry impulse through septum

Purkinje Fibers

• small fibers that conduct impulse throughout ventricular myocardium

• ventricles contract

electrocardiograph (EMG)

graphic record of electrical activity of heart

• Useful in diagnosis & treatment of heart disease

3 distinct parts called waves

• p-wave

• qrs complex

• t-wave

p-wave

electrical impulse through and contraction of atria

qrs complex

electrical impulse through and contraction of ventricle

t-wave

repolarization and relaxation of the ventricles

normal sinus rhythm

normal heartbeat @ normal rate- initiated by SA node

Arrythmia

irrgeular heartbeat (due to malfunction of electrical system)

Asystole

absense of heart beat

ventricular fibrilation

fated heart rhythm involving rapid irregular contractions of the ventriculars - no blood is pumped out (v-fib)

defibrillation

electrical shock to the heart to restore normal rhythm (AED)

PVC

premature ventricular contraction

artifical peace maker

can be inserted when certain arrhythmia are present

cardio disease - athersclerosis

narrowing of the artery due to build-up of fatty deposit- leads to decreased blood flow

cardio disease- myocardial infarction (MI)

• death of heart muscle due to blocked coronary artery

• blockage may be due to a clot or atherosclerosis

• infarct means death of tissue from lack of oxygen

cardio disease - conjestive heart failure (CHF)

• heart begins to fail and not pump effectively for blood to meet body need

• “conjestive”- refers to the fact taht ventricles fail, and blood backs up or congests the other organs such as lungs and liver

• treatment involves use of medication, but this is usually chronic and fatal

diagnostic test: echocardiogram

use of sound waves to create an image of heart structures and movement

diagnostic test - cardiac catherization

procedure where long, thin catheter (tube) is inserted into the chambers of heart via vein or artery - used to treat blockages, obtain pictures, or measure pressure in hear

Treatments - angioplasty

a cardiac catherization is performed using a tube w/ balloon @ tip. the balloon is inflated to dilate a blocked coronary artery

• a stent can be left in place to keep vessel wall open

• any combination of these techniques can be used

disorders of the blood - embolus

• foreign substance circulation in the blood steam

• could be air , fat globule, ammotic fluid, or a (blood) clot (thrombus)

disorders of the blood - thrombophlebitis

a blood clot causes inflammation of a vein or several veins, typically in the legs

disorders of the blood - luekemia

cancer of bone marrow that results in production of high number of immature WBC

disorders of the blood - Anania

an inadequate number of RBC , hemoglobin, or both

disorders of the blood -Sickle cell Anemia

chronic, inherited anemia results in production of abnormal, cresent shaped RBC, that carry less oxygen, break easy, and block blood cells

blood typing

method to tell what specific type of blood you have

4 types of blood

• a

• b

• ab

• o

each type can be rhesus (Rh) positive or negative

type A blood

• has A antigens and B antibodies

type B blood

• has b antigens and anti a antibodies

type AB blood

has both ab antigens and no antibodies

rhesus factor

protein that can also be found on surface of rbc

• 
  

Rh-

• if rbc doesnt have rhesus protein, you are Rh-

Rh-

• you can only recieve Rh- blood

blood typing

your blood type (or blood group) depends on types that are passed down to you from your parents

3 parts of testing of a sample of blood

• abo typing - antigen

• back typing - back up typing - antibodies in plasma

• Rh typing

why blood type matters

health care providers need to know the patients blood type when giving a blood transfusion or transplate, because not all blood types are compatible with eachother

what happens if you give a patient wrong type of blood during blood transfusion

their body will form antibodies that attack the new blood cell

• can cause a sever reaction that can be life threatening

Rh incompatibility

blood typing is especially important during pregnancy

if mother is found to be Rh-

father should also be tested

if father has Rh+ blood,

mother needs to recieve a treatement called Rh Immunoglobin

Rh Immunoglobin

treatment help prevent development of antibodies that may harm unborn baby

who can receive A blood?

A and O

who can receive B blood?

B and O

who can receive AB blood?

A,B,AB, and O

• universal blood receivers

who can receive O blood?

only O

• universal blood donors