________- substrate concentration at which all binding sites are constantly occupied.
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Competition
________- molecules seem to compete for space, but one with greater concentration gradietn will be transported at greater rate.
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Simple
not using a protein, molecule can pass between phospholipids or through another medium such as air or water
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Cell mediated
using a protein to cross the cell membrane
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Passive
driven by concentration gradient, no energy input by cell required for movement, gradient not required
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Brownian motion
random movement of particles in liquid or gas, no change in concentration over time
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Simple diffusion
movement of molecules from area of high concentration to area of low concentration leading to change in concentration over time
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Concentration gradient
difference in concentration between two areas
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molarity (M or mM)
concentration of solute in solution, moles/L or millimoles/L
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Temperature
average kinetic energy of the sample
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Molecular size (dalton, amu)
size of the molecule
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Electrochemical gradient
gradient consisting of both charge and concentration
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Eq potential
charge gradient equal and opposite to concentration gradient in force
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Osmosis
net movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane
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Osmolarity (OsM, mOsM)
concentration of active particles in solution in osmoles or millisosmoles
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Osmotic gradient
difference in osmolarity across a semipermeable membrane
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Osmotic pressure
pressure generated when water pushes toward the side with higher osmolarity in a system with a fixed volume (or the pressure required to prevent osmosis)
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Tonicity
describes the effect of a solution on the volume or tension of a cell
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Isotonic
no net osmosis, no effect on cell volume or tension
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Hypertonic
net osmosis out of cell, decreases cell volume and tension → crenation of cell
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Hypotonic
net osmosis into cell, increases cell volume and tension → swell and lyse of cell
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Uniporter
moves one type of molecule
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Cotransporter
moves more than one type of molecule
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Symporter
same direction
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Antiporter
oppsite directions to each other
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Unidirectional
only operates in one direction
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Bidirectional
operates in either direction depending on conditons
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Conformational change
change in the 3D shape of a protein
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Specificity
specific based on size, shape, charge of substrate
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Competition
molecules seem to compete for space, but one with greater concentration gradietn will be transported at greater rate
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Saturation
substrate concentration at which all binding sites are constantly occupied
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Vmax/Tmax
highest rate of transport possible without adding more proteins, at or above saturation concentration
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Facilitated diffusion
passive movement of molecules across a cell membrane from high concentration to low concentration via a transmembrane protein, leading to a change in concentration over time
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Primary active transport
movement of molecules across a cell membrane via a transmembrane protein using ATP as the energy source
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Secondary active transport
movement of one molecule from low concentration to high concentration coupled with the movement of another molecule from high concentration to low concentration using the concentration gradient of the second molecule as the energy source
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What is simple?
not using a protein, molecule can pass between phospholipids or through another medium such as air or water
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What is cell mediated?
using a protein to cross the cell membrane
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What is passive?
driven by concentration gradient, no energy input by cell required for movement, gradient not required
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What is Brownian Motion?
random movement of particles in liquid or gas, no change in concentration over time
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What is simple diffusion?
movement of molecules from area of high concentration to area of low concentration leading to cahnge in concentration over time
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What is concentration gradient?
difference in concentration between two areas
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What is molarity?
cocentration of solute in solution, moles/L or millimoles/L
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What is temperature?
average kinetic energy of the sample
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What is molecular size?
size of the molecule, measured in dalton or amu
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What effects membrane permeability?
thickness, resistance, and surface area of membrane
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What is electrochemical gradient?
gradient consisting of both charge and concentration
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What is Eq potential?
charge gradient equal and opposite to concentration gradient in force
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What is osmosis?
net movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane
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What is osmolarity?
cocentration of active particles in solution in osmoles or milliosomoles
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True or False: Size and type of particle is important in osmolarity.
False - only requirement is particle is water soluble
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How is osmolarity calculated?
molarity X number of particles from each molecule
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What is osmotic gradient?
difference in osmolarity across a semipermeable membrane
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What is osmotic pressure?
pressure generated when water pushes toward the side with higher osmolarity in a system witha fixed volume (or pressure required to prevent osmosis)
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What is tonicity?
describes the effect of a solution on the volume or tension of a cell
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What is isotonic?
no net osmosis, no effect on cell volume or tension
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What is hypertonic?
net osmosis out of cell, decreases cell volume and tension causing crenation of cell
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What is hypotonic?
net osmosis into cell, increases cell volume and tension causing cell to swell and eventually lyse
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What are examples of transport proteins?
transporters, channels, ATP powered pumps
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What is a uniporter?
moves one type of molecule
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What is a cotransporter?
moves more than one type of molecule
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What is a symporter?
moves more than one type of molecule in same direction
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What is an antiporter?
moves more than one type of molecule in opposite directions to each other
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What is unidirectional?
only operates in one direction
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What is bidirectional?
operates in either direction depending on conditions
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What is conformational change?
change in the 3D shape of a protein
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What is specificity?
specific based on size, shape, charge of substrate
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What is competition?
molecules seem to compete for space, but one with greater concentration gradient will be transported at greater rate
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What is saturation?
substrate concentration at which all binding sites are constantly occupied
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What is Vmax/Tmax?
highest rate of transport possible without adding more proteins, at or above saturation concentration
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What is facilitated diffusion?
passive movement of molecules across a cell membrane from high concentration to low concentration via a transmembrane protein, leading to a change in concentration over time
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Binding of a substrate causes what to occur during facilitated diffusion?
conformational change
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What is primary active transport?
movement of molecules across a cell membrane via a transmembrane protein using ATP as the energy source
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What causes conformational change in primary active transport?
phosphorylation & dephosphorylation
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Na+/K+ pump is an example of what type of transport?
primary active; moves 3 Na+ out, 2 K+ in, and uses 1 ATP
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What is secondary active transport?
movement of one molecule from low concentration to high concentration coupled with the movement of another molecule from high concentration to low concentration using the concentration gradient of the second molecule as the energy source
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Ca2+/Na+ antiporter is an example of what transport?
secondary active transport; 1 Na+ in and 1 Ca2+ out
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