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in which type of society would you expect women's status to be highest?
tropical hunters & gatherers
what is true about political leaders in foraging bands?
have no means of forcing people to follow their decisions
egalitarianism diminishes as?
village size & population density increase
what is a mismatch?
chiefdom & foraging
what is a "big man?"
a person of influence & prestige
what does marvin harris' analysis of the hindu practice of not eating cattle suggest?
beliefs about the supernatural can function as part of a group's adaptation to the environment
what is true about nonstate societies?
economic, political, & religious activities are often embedded in one another
in band-level societies, what does the amount of respect / status attached to an individual depend on?
culturally valued personal attributes
what kinds of societies are divided into social classes?
states
according to tylor, what is the sequence through which religion evolved?
animism, polytheism, monotheism
what is true about state religions?
they function to maintain socioeconomic stratification
what kind of religion involves full-time religious specialists?
olympian religion
what kind of process is based on the belief that power / mana is associated w/ a person or an object such that an ordinary person would be affected by contact with him / it?
taboo
what kind of religion is based on the idea that each human has a double, who is active during sleep?
animism
what describes the concept of mana as used in polynesia & melanesia?
anyone can get mana in melanesia; mana is attached to political elites in polynesia
what kind of magic is based on the belief that whatever is done to an object will affect a person who once had contact w/it?
contagious magic
what refers to the manipulation of the supernatural to accomplish specific goals?
magic
what were the precursors to primary states?
chiefdoms
what is not a characteristic of states?
they lack hereditary inequality
what did handsome lake lead around A.D. 1800 among the iroquois?
a revitalization movement
what is not used by the traditional eskimos to handle disputes?
courts of law
what phase is not included in passage rites?
authorization
what is typically observed during liminal phase of a rite of passage?
symbolic reversals of ordinary behavior
what are the induction into the U.S. Marine Corps & the vision quest of certain North American Indian societies examples of?
rites of passage
why does a big man accumulate wealth?
big men do not keep the wealth they accumulate; instead they redistribute it to create & maintain alliances w/political supporters
how did max weber define prestige?
the basis of social status
what are the 2 basic social units of foraging societies?
the band & the clan
what is true concerning religion & states?
state religions often serve to make social stratification more acceptable
what is not true about religions?
religion serves only to maintain social solidarity; it does not create or maintain societal divisions
what term refers to a custom or social action that operates to reduce differences in wealth & bring standouts in line w/ community norms?
leveling mechanism
in foraging & tribal societies, what is the basis for the amount of respect / status attached to an individual?
personal attributes such as wisdom, leadership skills, & generosity
what is an age set?
a group uniting all mean or women born during a certain span of time
descent group:
group based on belief in shared ancestry
family of orientation:
nuclear family in which one is born & grows up
family of procreation:
nuclear family established when one marries & has children
neolocality:
couple establishes new residence
extended family household:
household w/three or more generations
unilinear descent:
matrilinear or patrilinear descent
lineage:
unilineal descent group based on demonstrated descent
clan:
uninlineal descent group based on stipulated descent
ambilineal:
flexible descent rule, neither patrilinear nor matrilinear
kinship calculation:
how people in a particular society reckon kin relations
ego:
position from which one views an egocentric genealogy
bilateral kinship calculation:
kin ties calculated equally through men & women
functional explanation:
one based on correlation or co-occurence of social variables
lineal kinship terminology:
four parental kin terms: m, f, fb = mb, & mz = fz
lineal relative:
ego's direct ancestors & descendants
collateral relative:
relative outside ego's direct line, e.g., b, z, fz, mz
affinals:
relatives by marriage
bifurcate merging kinship terminology:
four parental kin terms: m = mz, f=fb, mb & fz each stands alone
generational kinship terminology:
just two parental kin terms: m = mz = fz & f = fb = mb
bifurcate collateral kinship terminology:
six separate parental kin terms: m, f, mb, mz, fb, & fz
genitor:
a child's biological father
pater:
one's socially recognized father; not necessarily the genitor
exogamy:
marriage outside a given group
incest:
forbidden sexual relations w/a close relative
parallel cousins:
children of two brothers or two sisters
cross cousins:
children of a brother & a sister
endogamy:
marriage of people from the same group
mater:
socially recognized mother of a child
bridewealth:
marital gift by husband's group to wife's group
progeny price:
marital gift by husband's group to wife's; legitimizes their children
dowry:
substantial gifts to husband's family from wife's group
plural marriage:
more than two spouses simultaneously, aka polygamy
polygamy:
man has more than one wife at the same time
polyandry:
woman has more than one husband at the same time
sororate:
widower marries sister of his deceased wife
levirate:
widow marries brother of her deceased husband
