exam 3 dr al

Which of the following is not parental route?

Hair follicle

Which of the following is NOT a component of invasiveness?

Coagulation

Which of the following components are part of invasiveness?

All of the above (capsule, cell wall, hyaluronidase)

__________ are very specific

Exotoxins

Which of the following are endotoxins?

Lipopolysaccharides

What is the rate of Microbial death

They are killed at a constant rate

What is an E Test?

a manual in vitro diagnostic device used by laboratories to determine the MIC (answer will say something about the strips used in the device)

What is the most effective form of chlorine?

Hypochlorous acid

What is the concentration of ethanol?

70%

If you use too much antibacterial soap, what happens?

The normal flora will be killed and you will become more susceptible to catch microbes

What is not evidence of Koch's Postulates?

Some diseases have poorly understood etiology/some diseases are noncommunicable

What is a sporadic disease called?

Index case

What period shows signs and symptoms?

Prodromal period

Diseases that occur primarily in wild and domestic animals and can be transmitted to humans are called

Zoonoses

What type of transmission of disease is it called when a person sneezes?

Droplet transmission

You can get pathogens from nonliving things called:

Fomites

Is the passive transport of the pathogens on the insect's feet or other body parts:

Mechanical transmission

Biological transmission

an active process and is more complex; The arthropod bites an infected person or animal and ingests some of the infected blood

How can emerging disease come about?

all of the above

What does an epidemiologist do?

Collect and analyzes the occurrence of the disease

What is morbidity rate?

The number of people affected by a disease in a given period of time in relation to the total population

A change in body function that is felt by a patient as a result of a disease:

Symptom

_________ inhibits folic acid synthesis

Sulfonamides

what do sulfonamides have to do with therapeutic index (how it affects humans)?

The drugs are bacteriostatic and do not harm human cells because we take up folic acid from our diet rather than synthesize it

The organism that has a parasite living within it is the:

Host

The period with the least degree of symptoms is the ___________ period.

incubation

An infection that occurs in many nations is a/an ___________.

pandemic

A nosocomial infection is:

always acquired during the course of hospitalization

Which of the following is not reservoir of infection?

none of the above (a sick person, a healthy person, a sick animal, a hospital)

A/n _______________ carrier is an individual who harbors the infectious organism but is not ill.

healthy

The most frequently used portal of entry for pathogens is the

Mucous membranes of the respiratory tract

The LD50 is a

Lethal dose that will kill 50% of the test population

Endotoxins are:

part of the gram-negative cell wall

Lysozyme is an enzyme found in tears and __________________.

saliva

Which of the following organisms doesn't produce an exotoxin?

Salmonella typhi

Nonspecific resistance (innate immunity) is:

The body's defenses against any kind of pathogen

If we are healthy, we have a high level of _______ in our blood

Interferon

Which of the following statements is "true" about interferon?

interferon is an antiviral protein

Your ability to ward off disease is called:

immunity

Ultrasound kills by

cavitation

The killing of vegetative form of pathogenic microorganisms (usually on inanimate objects) is called

disinfection

The lowest temperature at which a microbial population is killed in a specified period of time is the

thermal death point (TDP)

Fractional exposure to any method is called

tyndallization

The disinfectant of choice for municipal water supplies is _______________.

chlorine

Which will require a longer time to kill?

a larger population of microorganisms

Which of the following is the best method for sterilization?

incineration

Tetracyclines are derived from:

Streptomyces

Mechanisms by which antibiotics kill or inhibit microbial growth are:

all of the above

Microbes commonly present in or on the body are called

normal flora

Penicillin become widely used because of the work of:

Fleming

PMN is another name for ___________________ cell.

neutrophil

The control center for fever development is located in the:

hypothalamus

The immune system normally discriminates between _______________ antigens

self and nonself

Most pathogens that gain access through the skin

enter through hair follicles and sweat ducts

Misuse of antibiotic resistances includes:

Using antibiotics in animal feed

The relationship between normal microbiota and the host in which at least one organism is dependent on the other

Symbiosis

The type of symbiotic relationship where one of the organisms benefits, and the other is unaffected

Commensalism

Disease thatoccurs occasionally in a population at irregular intervals

Sporadic disease

The resistance to the spread of a contagious disease within a population

Herd immunity

Denatures a toxin and makes it inactive; when it enters the body, the body will recognize it as a toxin but it will not cause damage

Toxoid

Neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils are:

Granulocytes (phagocytosis)

Involves the membrane attack complex

Cytolysis

Immune adherence, promotes attachment of a phagocyte to a microbe

Opsonization

Causes cells to produce antiviral proteins that inhibit viral replication

IFN-alpha and IFN-beta

The best method to sterilize heat labile solutions:

membrane filtration

Chemical agents that is used for sterilization:

ethylene oxide

Substances used for surgical hand scrubs:

chlorhexidine

False statement regarding antimicrobial control agents:

alcohols effectively inactivate nonenveloped viruses by attacking lipids

A limitation of the autoclave

it cannot be used with heat labile materials

Application of heat to living cells can result in all of the following except:

decreased thermal death time

A disinfectant that acts by disrupting the plasma membrane

bisphenol

Oxidizing agents include:

chlorine, hydrogen peroxide, iodine, and ozone

Disinfection of water is not achieved by:

peracetic acid

Substance NOT effective against nonenveoled viruses:

alcohol

Method used to preserve food by slowing the metabolic processes of foodborne microbes:

freezing

Could be used to sterilize plastic petri plates in a plastic wrapper:

microwaves

Results in lethal damage to nucleic acids:

heat, radiation, and some chemicals

An iodophor is an:

iodine mixed with a surfactant

Ethylene oxide is a

sterilizing agent

Is NOT used to preserve food:

biguanides

What is NOT effective in destroying prions:

boiling

Which is not a method of food preservation:

microwaves

The preservation of beef jerky from microbial growth relies on which method of microbial control:

desiccation

If you were preparing nutrient agar at home and did not have an autoclave, what could you use to sterilize the nutrient agar:

pressure cooker @121 Celsius for 15 minutes

Bone and tendons for transplant are decontaminated by:

supercritical fluids

Most resistant to chemicalbiocides:

gram negative bacteria

All of the following factors contribute to hospital-acquired infections EXCEPT

None of the above

The following is true of quarternary ammonium compounds EXCEPT

they are effective when combined with soap

A transient microbiota differ from normal microbiota in that transient microbiota are:

present for a relatively short time

A commensal bacterium

may also be an opportunistic pathogen

The major significance of Robert Koch's work is that

microorganisms cause disease

Which of the following diseases is not spread by droplet infection

botulism

Which of following diseases are spread by droplet infection

all of the following (tuberculosis, measles, the common cold, diptheria)

Focal infection initially start out as

local infection

The rise in herd immunity amongst a population can directly attributed to

vaccinations

Which of the following is a reservoir of infection

all of the following (sick person, a healthy person, a sick animal, a hospital)

Which of the following are a communicable diseases

all of the following (malaria, AIDS, tuberculosis, typhoid fever)

Which of the following is NOT a communicable diseases

Tetanus

Which is a fomite

a hypodermic needle

Which of the following can contribute to postoperative infections

all of the following (using syringes more than once, normal microbiota on the operating room staff, errors in aseptic technique, antibiotic resistance)