AP European History Unit 2

Indulgence

A certificate granted by the pope in return for the payment of a fee to the church. The certificate stated that the soul of the dead relative or friend of the purchaser would have his time in purgatory reduced by many years or cancelled altogether.

Anabaptists

16th century Protestants who believed that only adults could truly have faith and accept baptism.

Predestination

Doctrine by John Calvin that said God has known since the beginning of time who will be saved and who will be damned.

Huguenots

French Protestants influenced by John Calvin

Politiques

Rulers who put political necessities above personal beliefs. For example, both Henry IV of France and Elizabeth I of England subordinated theological controversies in order to achieve political unity.

putting-out system

A system developed in the eighteenth century in which tasks were distributed to individuals who completed the work in their own homes; also known as cottage industry.

Baroque Art

art that originated in Rome and is associated with the Catholic Reformation, characterized by emotional intensity, strong self-confidence, spirit

What led to Martin Luthers 95 Theses?

In 1517, he saw Johann Tetzel selling indulgences near Wittenberg.

What inventions led to the spread of Luthers ideas?

The Printing press

How does one achieve Salvation according to Luther?

#FaithAlone

What were Luthers key beliefs?

Bible is the only authority of Christian life. Not seven sacraments.

Why didn't Luther support the Roman Catholic Church?

It was a hierarchical system. Clergy did not understand what they read, and only held positions through nepotism, sometimes holding multiple.

What caused the German Peasants War, 1525?

German peasants supported Luther and saw this as a way to freedom from clergy landlords.

What was Luthers response to the German Peasants War?

Luther believed that Christians needed to obey the rulers. So the revolution was crushed.

What were consequences of the German Peasants war?

German nobility got more power. Lutheranism became allied with political order.

Role of women under lutheranism?

Christian Women should be models of obedience and charity.

Where was Lutheranism the dominant religion?

North and East Germany. Denmark, Norway, and Sweden.

What did the Peace of Augsburg resolve?

A civil war between Catholics and protestants in Germany.

What did the Peace of Augsburg do?

Gave each prince the right to determine the religion of his state, either Roman Catholic or Lutheran. Did not recognize Calvinists.

What were Luthers revolutions actions?

Abolished monasteries, reduced number of sacraments

encouraged priests to marry. Refused pope authority to interpret Bible. Self-interpretation,.

What were Luthers politcal conservative actions?

Obedience to authority. Religion does not affect politics. Allied with german nobility.

What were John Calvin's key beliefs?

Pre-destination, christian utopia

What were the people called that would be saved from sin in Calvinism?

The Elect

What kind of government did Calvin like?

Theocracy

What was the difference between Lutheranism and Calvinism?

Calvinists believed in pre-destination.

Luther believed church should be subordinate

Calvinists believed that the elect should Christianize the state.

Where was the "City of Saints"? or the city turned Calvinist?

Geneva, Switzerland. 1541

What was considered inappropriate in Calvinism culture?

playing cards, dancing, singing, theatre. Fun

They had a High standard of morality, included regular church attendance.

Who was the "Defender of the Faith"?

Henry VIII

What religion was Henry VIII?

Catholic. Despised Lutheranism.

What caused the Act of Supremacy?

Henry VIII failed to produce a male heir and tried to annul his marriage with Catherine of Aragon. The pope refused.

What was the Act of Supremacy, 1534?

In 1533, Henry VIII annulled his marriage with Catherine and married Boleyn. The Act of Supremacy made Henry the Supreme Head of the Church of England. Passed 6 articles to remain loyal to Catholicism

How did Henry VIII gain support from nobles?

Giving them the dissolved monasteries given to him by the Act of Supremacy

How were Henry VIII and Martin Luther similar?

Both thought the church should be subordinate to the state. Rejected papal authority. Followed policies to strengthen nobility.

What religious issues were inherited by Elizabeth I at the beginning of her reign? 1558

Inherited Henry VIII break from Rome. Protestants gained strength under Edward VI. Catholics gained control under Mary.

How did Elizabeth I settle religious issues in England?

Established Anglican church. Blended Protestant and Catholic ideals.

What was the difference between Isabella of Spain and Elizabeth I?

Isabella decreed in her state there would be one faith. Elizabeth I put political loyalty over religion and established Anglicanism.

Who was Thomas Munzer?

Anabaptist executed because he advocated for the overthrow of political and social order.

What was the difference between Lutheran and Calvinist church art?

Luther favored paintings and sculptures that decorated the church.

Calvin preferred plain architecture . Art diminished worshipers.

What was the role of women under Lutheranism?

Loving partnership in marriage. Domestic. Mothers were expected to read and teach the Bible to kids. Women subordination.

What did Julius II do? (He was a pope ;)

commissioning art, build a new St. Peters, enhanced power of own family.

What did Pope Paul III accomplish? And other popes committed themselves to doing?

Defining and clarifying church doctrines

Contain Protestant Challenge

Reform Church practices

Enforce strict morals

Reaffirm pope authority

Reinvigorate religious experience

Create new religious order

What was the Council of Trent?

Reaffirmed Catholic doctrines.

Salvation by faith and good works. Equal validity of Bible and Scriptures.

Seven Sacraments.

Reformed church abuses.

No indulgences, simony,

Veneration of saints and relics.

Pope Authority

Who led the Jesuits?

Ignatius Loyola

What did the Jesuits do?

Jesuits focused on three activities. First, they founded superb schools throughout Europe. Jesuit teachers were well-trained in both classical studies and theology. The Jesuits' second mission was to convert nonChristians to Catholicism. So, they sent out missionaries around the world. Their third goal was to stop the spread of Protestantism.

What was the era where the Catholic Church halted the spread of Protestantism?

Counter-Reformation. Catholic Reformation

What are characteristics of Baroque art?

Dramatic use of light and dark

Dramatic emotion and moments

Portrayal of everyday people

Grandiose scale and ornate decoration

Who painted the "Ecstasy of Saint Theresa"

Bernini

Who painted The Calling of Saint Matthew?

Caravaggio

Who painted Judith Slaying Holofernes?

Artemisia Gentileschi

What was the impact of the Catholic Reformation on Women?

Women took advantage of opportunities in religious orders.

Ursuline Order of nuns provided education for young girls.

Who was Teresa De Avila?

A major Spanish reform leader. Preached that individuals could use prayer to establish direct relationship with God.

What led to Dutch independence?

Philip imposed the Inquisition in the Netherlands to expand Spanish power. The Netherlands became Calvinists to show their opposition to Phillip. 1609 Dutch gained independence. Half of Netherlands still under Spanish control.

What was Elizabeth I role in Dutch Independence?

Supplied rebels with money and troops.

What was the Spanish Armada?

Phillip sent a fleet to invade England. English ships sunk the Armada.

What were the consequences of Phillips defeat after the Spanish Armada?

England took Spains position as global power.

Spain began an era of political and economic decline.

Dutch began a golden age of prosperity and creativity.

How did French people oppose Valois rule in the 1560s?

They became Huguenots. Largely French Nobles who made this switch.

What was the Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre?

Protestant nobles were in Paris for the wedding of Henry of Navarre, a Protestant nobleman, to Marguerite de Valois, a Catholic princess.

Queen Catherine de'Medici and the bride's mother ordered the massacre of Protestants.

What was the role of Politiques in the civil war between Catholics and Protestants?

Realized strong monarchy and acceptance of Huguenots. Henry IV took over in 1589 after the death of Catherine de Medici.

What was the Edict of Nantes, 1598?

This edict passed by Henry of Navarre (Henry IV) acknowledged Catholicism as the official religion of France, but guaranteed the Huguenots the right to worship in selected places in every district and allowed them to retain a number of fortified towns for their protection. In addition, they were allowed to enjoy all political privileges, including holding public offices.

What was the Peace of Augsburg 1555?

German princes determine the religion of their state: either Roman Catholic or Lutheran. Failed to account for the Calvinist population.

What were causes of the Thirty Years' War? (Religious, Political, International?)

The spread of Calvinism introduced tension because they weren't included in the Peace of Augsburg

Religious Divisions between Protestant and Catholic interests

Political Divisions between Habsburgs and local princes.

International Influence: France opposition to German power, Sweden and Denmark prepared to fight for Protestant ideas.

What was the first phase of the Thirty Years' War?

The Bohemian Phase (1618-1625)

What happened during the Bohemian Phase of the Thirty Years' War?

Ferdinand II and Frederick V fought in Bohemia. Catholics controlled Bohemia.

What happened during the Danish Phase of the Thirty Years' War?

The Edict of Restitution gave Catholic properties stolen by Protestants. Ferdinand v. Danish

What What happened during the Swedish Phase of the Thirty Years' War?

Gustavus Adolphus defeated the Wallenstein in battles. Leaving the Habsburgs unable to unify Germany.

What happened during the French Phase of the Thirty Years' War?

With the death of Gustavus Adolphus, Cardinal Richelieu changed sides to support the Protestants to prevent a unified Germany.

What was the Peace of Westphalia, 1648?

Ended the Thirty Years War, recognized Calvinism, reaffirmed the Peace of Augsburg, and accelerated the decline of the Holy Roman Empire

What were consequences of the Thirty Years' War?

Calvinism was politically recognized.Papal Authority declined. Rise of religious toleration. Left Germany fragmented. HRE declined.

France gained Alsace and Lorraine.

Dutch Independence.