Lab 1.1

i hate this class already

Anatomy

The “look”, specific study of body parts, organs, tissues.

Physiology

The “function”, study of how body systems work and interact.

Standard Anatomical Position

Body upright and facing forward, arms stragith with palms facing forward, legs straight, feet flat and facing forward.

supine position

lying flat on their back, face-up

prone position

lying on their front, face-down

integumentary system

major organs: skin, hair, sweat, nails

functions: protection from environmental hazards, regulate body temp, sensory info

skeletal system

major organs: bones, cartilage, ligaments

functions: protection & support for tissues, calcium, forms blood cells

muscular system

major organs: skeletal muscle and tendons

functions: protection & support for tissues, maintains body temp

nervous system

major organs: brain, spinal cord

functions: response to stimuli and sensory info, moderates activities of other systems

endocrine system

major organs: pituitary gland, thyroid gland, adrenal gland, gonads, pancreas

functions: long-term activity of other systems, metabolism and energy,

cardiovascular system

major organs: heart, blood & blood vessels

functions: distributes blood cells, water that disolves oxygen, waste, co2. regulates body temp

lymphatic system

major organs: spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, tonsils

functions: defends against infections, tissue fluids to bloodstream

respiratory system

major organs: nasal cavities, sinus, trachea, bronchi, lungs

functions: delivers air to alveoli, oxygen to bloodstream

digestive system

major organs: teeth, tongue, pharnyx, esophagus, stomach, ahh

functions: process and digests food, absorbs water, nutrients, and energy

urinary system

major organs: kidneys, uretes, bladder, urethra

functions: excretes waste, stoes urine, regulates blood and pH levels

male reproductive system

major organs: testes, penis, prostate gland, scrotum

functions: produces sperm, hormones

female reproductive system

major organs: ovaries, uterus, vagina, mammary glands

functions: oocytes, supports embryo development, provides milk

superior

closer to head

inferior

closer to feet

anterior

closer to front

posterior

closer to back

medial

closer to midline

lateral

farther from midline

intermediate

between medial and lateral

proximal

closer to the trunk

used in limbs.

distal

farther from the trunk

superficial

closer to the surface

deep

farther from the surface

parietal

the wall of a body cavity

visceral

the covering of an organ

ipsilateral

same side of the body

contralateral

opposite side of the body

sagittal plane

divides left to right ← →

midsagittal plane

divides equal left and right parts

parasagittal plane

divides unequal left and right parts

frontal (coronal) plane

divides anterior and posterior parts (front back)

transverse plane

dives superior and inferior portions (up down)

cross section

ran perpendecular from the long axis

oblique section

cut at any other angle, uneven

longitudinal section

long axis of a long narrow structure

axial

where superior and inferior (up down) are used, skeletal that holds vital organs (ribs protect heart, chin apart of skull),

appendicular

where proximal and distal (forward back) are used, skeletal that supports limbs (legs to thigh, wrist to elbow)

mental

chin

axillary

armpit

pectoral

chest

sternal

sternum

coxal

hip

scapular

shoulder blade

brachial

arm

antecubital

front of elbow

olecranal

back of eblow

antebrachial

forearm

carpal

wrist

dorsum

back of hand

manual

hand

digital

finger

femoral

thigh

patellar

kneecap

popliteal

behind knee

crucal

leg

sural

calf

calcaneal

heel

plantar

sole

tarsal

ankle

dorsum

top of foot

hallux

great toe

cranial

surrounding brain

occipital

base of skull

otic

ear

dorsal (posterior) cavity

protects central nervous system organs. 2 systems:

cranial cavity: brain

vertebral cavity: spinal cord

both contain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and protected by membranes called meninges

ventral (anterior) cavity

two subdivisons

thoracic cavity: superior, ribcage. contains lungs (pleural cavity), heart (pericardial cavity).

diaphragm divides both cavities.

abdominopelvic cavity: abdominal cavity: stomach, intestines, spleen, liver. pelvic cavity: bladder, some reproductive organs, rectum

right upper quadrant

contains liver

left upper quadrant

contains spleen, left kidney, pancreas, stomach

right lower quadrant

doesnt have much

left lower quadrant

contains small intestine, urinary bladder

umbilical region

middle-middle quadrant, contains lower part of stomach

epigastric region

middle-up quadrant

hypogastric region

middle-down quadrant, contains urinary bladder and lower part of small intestine

right and left iliac region

lower regions, have small intestine and urinary bladder

right and left lumbar region

middle regions, contain stomach and part of pancrease. left contains left kidney.

right and left hypochondriac region

upper regions, right side contains liver, left side continas spleen and left kidney.

epithelial tissue

cover exterior surface of the body. internal cavities and passageways.

connective tissue

binds cells and organs together for protection

muscle tissue

excjtable, electrical stimulation and contracts to provide movement

nervous tissue

excitable, sends electrochemical signals and nerve impulses (action potentials)

microscope arm

connects head to the base

microscope base

bottom of the microscope

microscope coarse adjustment knob

moves stage up and down in large increments

microscope condenser

focuses light

microscope eyepieces

part you look into. holds ocular lens

microscope fine-adjustment knob

moves the stage up and down in small increments

microscope head

attachment and support for objective and ocular lens

microscope mechanical stage

holds the specimen

microscope stage controls

knobs on the side

microscope nosepiece

connects objective lens to the head, changes the lens

microscope objective lenses

three or four on microscopes, tells how much an image is magnified. 4x lens means specimen is 4 times its normal size

microscope objective lens

lenses located within eyepieces, magnifies ten times normal specimen size