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Photosynthesis
The process of using light energy to make glucose from carbon dioxide and water
6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2
delta G = +686 kcal/mol
Photosynthesis chemical equation
What is the purpose of photosynthesis?
to produce glucose to be used for anaerobic cellular respiration
Where does photosynthesis occur?
The chloroplasts
Stomata
sites of gas exchange
Mesophyll
contain chloroplasts
Thylakoid
flattened sac inside chloroplasts that contain chlorophyll in its membrane
Granum
stacks of thylakoids
Stroma
fluid in the chloroplast
Pigment molecules
molecules that absorb light energy
How is light energy absorbed?
By boosting electrons to a higher energy level
Two stages of photosynthesis
light reactions, Calvin cycle
6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight —> C6H12O6 + 6O2
photosynthesis formula
What type of reaction is photosnythesis?
Endergonic
carotenoids
accessory pigments that work in conjunction with chloroplasts
Where to light reactions occur?
the thylakoid membrane
What do light reactions produce?
ATP, NADPH and O2
Where does the Calvin cycle take place?
stroma
What does the Calvin cycle do?
It uses ATP, NADPH and CO2 to produce glucose
What happens in photosystem II? (4 steps)
Pigement molecules absorb energy from sunlight, Water is split into 2H and ½ O2, light energy excites an electron to a higher energy level, the electron is passed down an electron transport chain to photosystem I
What happens in Photosystem I? (4 steps)
Pigment molecules absorb energy from sunlight, the light energy excites an electron to a higher energy level, the electron is passed down a 2nd electron transport chain, the energy released is used by NADP to reduce it to NADPH
What does the Calvin Cycle produce
glucose
What is Carbon Fixation?
What is the purpose of PS I?
to generate ATP for the Calvin Cycle
Phases of the Calvin Cycle
Carbon Fixation, Reduction and Sugar Production, Regeneration of RuBP
What happens in Phase 1: Carbon Fixation?
The enzyme Rubisco attaches CO2 to the molecule RuBP
What happens in Phase 2: Reduction and Sugar Production?
3-PGA is reduced to G3P, ATP is used as a source of energy, and NADPH donates high energy electrons
What happens in Phase 3: Regeneration of RuBP?
Some G3P makes glucose and the rest is recycled to regenerate the RuBP acceptor. Requires 18 ATP and 12 NADPH
What is RuBP
an enzyme
Inputs and outputs of the Calvin Cycle
CO2 to glucose, 12 NADPH to 12 NADP, 18ATP
What is photorespiration?
when the enzyme Rubisco fixes O2 instead of CO2 and adds O2 to RuBP instead of CO2.
When does photorespiration occur and why?
In hot and dry conditions since it closes the stomata and therefore reduces water loss
What is a C3 plant? (90% of plants)
plants fix CO2 into a 3-carbon molecule and do not separate carbon fixation from the Calvin Cycle
What is a C4 plant? Examples
plants fix CO2 into a 4-carbon molecule and separates carbon fixation from the Calvin Cycle. Corn, Sugarcane