The spinal cord is a part of CNS enclosed within the vertebral column. It extends from
the foramen magnum to L1
the spinal cord provides
two‐way communication to and from the brain
The spinal cord is protected by
bone, meninges, and CSF.
Cervical and lumbar enlargements are
the sites where the nerves serving the upper and lower limbs emerge
Conus medularis
a terminal portion of the spinal cord.
cauda equina
the collection of nerve roots at the inferior end of the vertebral canal
Filum terminale
the fibrous extension of the pia mater
it anchors the spinal cord to the coccyx
The segments of the spinal cord are
Cervical (neck and arms): 8 pairs of nerves, C1‐8
Thoracic (arms, upper/mid back): 12 pairs of nerves, T1‐12
Lumbar (lower back, legs): 5 pairs of nerves, L1‐5
Sacrum (buttock area, legs): 5 pairs of nerves S1‐5
Coccygeal nerve: 1 pair
A dermatome is the area supplied by the fibers of
the same spinal nerve.
Spinal nerves are part of
the peripheral nervous system, not the CNS.
31 pairs of spinal nerves are attached to the cord by
paired roots
Dorsal roots contain
sensory neurons and ganglia
ventral roots carry
the axons of motor neurons.
Dorsal and ventral roots fuse
laterally to form spinal nerves.
Gray matter in a shape of a butterfly surrounds the small central canal. It consists of
soma (neuron bodies)
unmyelinated processes
neuroglia.
Posterior (dorsal) horns contain
interneurons that receive sensory input.
Anterior (ventral) horns carry
interneurons and somatic motor neurons
Lateral horns contain
sympathetic nerve fibers
Four zones are evident within the gray matter:
somatic sensory (SS)
visceral sensory (VS)
visceral motor (VM)
somatic motor (SM)
White matter in the spinal cord surrounds the gray matter. It contains fibers (axons) that run in three directions
ascending
descending
transversely
White matter is divided into three columns
posterior
lateral
anterior
Each column contains several fiber tracts. Fiber tract names reveal
their origin and destination
They are composed of axons with similar functions.
The ascending tracts carry impulses
to the brain
The descending tracts carry impulses
from the brain.