APUSH important periods 3-8 + lots of detail

Effects of French and Indian War of the American Colonists (3 main)

United them against a common enemy for the first time, created a socializing experience for all colonists who participated, created bitter feelings towards the british that would only intensify

Differences in demeanor between british and colonists

colonists were casual, nonprofessionals

differences in finances between colonists and british (IMPORTANT)

Colonists resisted rising taxes, british thought colonists should pay their own defense

Tensions that came as the aftermath of French and Indian War

Colonists resented for paying british expenses and wanted to expand without the french in the way, the british didn't see colonists as british and thought they should help more for their own defense

Pontiac's Rebellion

1763- Chief Pontiac tired of colonial expansion, attacks colonists, British win (gave blankets with smallpox), resulted in Proclamation of 1763

Proclamation of 1763

British proclamation that prohibited settlement beyond Appalachians in attempt to work out the Native American problem and prevent another bloody eruption, colonists didn't comply because they felt it was their right to colonize the land

What acts did the british put in place after the F-I war and why

British in deep debt; passed sugar act, quartering act, stamp act, declaratory act, townshend acts, tea act, intolerable acts

Shift in women's roles after the Revolutionary War

Abigail Adams, elevated women to a new role as "keepers of america's conscience", education opportunities expanded, women were more respected in their roles and saw themselves as more capable than before

Articles of confederation

written in 1777,A weak constitution that governed America during the Revolutionary War.

Why were articles of confederation so weak

The colonists didn't want to see a monarchy again so they made it very loose to prevent a strong central government

Why didn't the articles of confederation work?

too loose, could not enforce any laws they put in place at all, no control over military or economy

2 Major achievements of the Articles of Confederation

Brought Revolutionary war to a successful conclusion, brought about Northwest Ordinance

Northwest Ordinance

1787, set up government in Old Northwest, forbade slavery, ensured freedom of religion, right to trial by jury, and education, cleanly dealt with the wealth of new American land

Shay's Rebellion

1786- backcountry farmers were angry about debt. Daniel Shays led them in a revolt and demanded Massachusetts reform its economy. Authorities responded by raising a small army but proved the need to strengthen federal governmentd

Constitutional Convention (cause, explanation, effect)

1787-Alexander Hamilton called for a convention to revise Articles after Annapolis convention failed, ended up rewriting the entire government system, lots of debate in secret --> strengthened government, came away with constitution

3/5 Compromise

Slaves counted as 3/5 of a person, yet they could not vote, goes towards southern politician's numbers being inflated so they have more powers to put laws in place to keep slavery

Slave Trade Compromise

By 1808 no international slave trade (save for GA and SC because they "depended too much on it") but national slave trade was still legal

What does the 3/5 compromise and Slave Trade Compromise forshadow?

Beginning of the hostile slave debate that would eventually lead to the civil war

6 basic principles of the constitution

popular sovereignty, limited government, seperation of powers, checks and balances, federalism, judicial review

Judicial Review

Supreme court has final authority in finding laws/acts unconstitutional

Federalist beliefs

strong national government, supported constitution

Well known Federalists

Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, John Jay

Antifederalist beliefs

supported weak central government, thought too much power was taken away from the states in the new constitution

Well known anti federalists

Sam Adams, Patrick Henry (Thomas Jefferson later, wasn't at the constitutional convention, was in France)

Structure of Constitution

Preamble, Articles (7), Amendments (27)

Constitutional Amendments

27 total, first 10 are the Bill of rights

Annapolis Convention (cause, explanation, effect)

1786- the articles of confederation were weak and could not control commerce, 9 states appointed delegates to discuss control of commerce, Alexander Hamilton suggests another conference to improve all of Articles of Confederation --> First constitutional convention and started towards a stronger, more stable government

Great Compromise (cause, explanation, effect)

Angry debate arose on how states should be represented in congress, Great Compromise gave a happy medium where the larger states had representation by population in the House of representatives and the smaller states had equal representation in Senate, it broke up the tension and success flowed more freely after that in convention

Virginia Plan

representation in both houses of a bicameral Congress should be based on population- gives larger states advantage

New jersey plan

equal representation in a unicameral Congress by states, regardless of size and population. Weaker states were scared that the stronger states would ally themselves and rule over the government

9th Amendment

Citizens entitled to rights not listed in the Constitution

10th Amendment

power not listed for the federal government is given to the state government

Why did the French and Indian War start?

product of European rivalries, all countries wanted to colonize and kept getting in each others way

Albany Congress+ Albany Plan of Union

1754-american colonists rally support to "join or die" and unite to support Brits more, Ben Franklin's plan to unite the colonies under one government to defeat France, was not passed

Treaty of Paris (first one)

1763, ends war, east of mississippi=britain, west of miss=spain

Salutary Neglect

An English policy of not strictly enforcing laws in its colonies, English were in Salutary neglect before the F-I War but as debt grew, they switched to being tighter on the colonies and they disliked that

Sugar Act (what, why, reaction)

1764, tax on sugar, made by british because they were in debt and to curb smuggling, colonist boycott because of taxation without representation

Stamp Act (what, why, reaction)

1765; law that taxed printed goods, to make money to pay for defense, colonists boycott, petition bc taxation without representation, threatened liberty

Stamp Act Congress

1765- colonial representatives drew up a statement of their rights and grievances, resulted in repeal of stamp act, step towards colonial unity

Declaratory Act

1766- Britain needed to assert authority over colonists, basically said that Britain had the same authority in America as it did in Britain, colonists angry because it took away their sovereignty

Townshend duties

1767, taxed goods, most notably tea, to pay for royal governors-eliminated power of the purse resulted in Boston Massacre

Boston Massacre

March 5, 1770, townspeople were taunting redcoats, angry about death of a child during a protest, troops open fired

Boston Tea Party

December of 1773, Bostonians disguised as Native Americans boards British East India Company ships and smashed and dumped around 350 chests of tea resulted in Intolerable Acts

Intolerable Acts

series of laws passed in 1774 to punish Boston for the Tea Party, took away many rights, including right to trial by jury and self-government

First Continental Congress

1774- representatives from colonies gather to draw up Declaration of rights and to consider ways of addressing colonial grievances, not yet calling for independence

Lexington and Concord

April 1775, British sent troops to round up "rebel leaders" of the first continental congress, shots fired, start of revolutionary war

Olive Branch Petition

July 1775- 2nd Continental Congress drafted, professing American loyalty to the crown and begging king to prevent further hostilities, proved futile, last ditch effort by colonists who were not on board with revolution

Why was Thomas Paine's Common Sense important?

It presented the reasons for American independence in a way that regular people could understand, led to Declaration of Independence

Declaration of Independence

July 4, 1776, Thomas Jefferson wrote, formal stated the colonies intent to distance itself from britain

Yorktown

1781- Americans and French assaulted Yorktown, cornered Cornwallis, surrendered, was not the end but was the most decisive and final battle fought, marked the end of the war

Iroquois Confederacy significance in Revolutionary War

Mostly fought on the side of the person with the advantage, they split in the Revolutionary war to aid both the British and Americans

2nd Treaty of Paris

1783- formally ended Revolutionary War, independence recognized, American boundaries stretched, loyalists were not to be further persecuted

Judiciary Act

1789- organized supreme court (6 justices) at the top and district and local courts all the way down, John Jay first chief justice

Alexander Hamilton's Financial Plan

Federal government would take on state debts, got virginia on board by putting Washington DC in Virginia. Added tariffs and excise taxes to pay off national debt, would improve foreign trade and work ethic among citizens

How national bank worked

Like a regular bank but US government is main depositor and main distributor of funds. Established around 1791

Excise tax

tax on a specific domestic product, usually on vices, Hamilton put it on whiskey

strict construction

strict interpretation of the constitution, supported by Jefferson

Loose construction

loose interpretation of the constitution, supported by hamilton

Whiskey Rebellion

1794 southern Pennsylvania challenged national government, excise tax was harsh on whiskey makers Government was able to send troops, no bloodshed, but it was put down

showed government under the Articles of Confederation was working well

Franco American Alliance

1778- bound US to help the French defend their west indies against future foes

Neutrality Proclamation

1793- Washington declared US would remain neutral in French Revolution, very contraversal

Chief Little Turtle

Head of the Miami Confederacy (group of 8 native american tribes), Angry at americans approachment on their land, supported by British weapons they fought the Americans and won

When was the revolutionary war

1775-1783

Formation of Cabinet

roughly 1789, created by washington, not in constitution, group of advisors, Secretary of Treasury=Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of State=Thomas Jefferson, Secretary of War=Henry Knox

Battle of Fallen Timbers

1794-General Anthony Wayne rallied US army to fight back against Miami Confederacy, this time they won

Treaty of Greenville

1795- tribes had to give up land in Indiana and Ohio in exchange for a large sum of money and continuous payment, hunting rights in their own land, and recognition of sovereignty

Washington's Farewell Address

1796, warned not to put local politics and issues above the needs of the nation, warned against political parties, warned against permanent foreign alliances

Alien Laws

Under John Adams, raised citizenship requirement to 14 years, presidents could deport foreigners, created to make it difficult to become a citizen

Sedition Law

Under Adams administration, made it illegal to speak out against the government

Why were the Alien and Sedition Laws put in place

To keep Democratic-Republicans out of power, restricted French from being able to vote

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

1798-Written by Madison and Jefferson, used Enlightenment philosophy to argue that if the government overstepped its bounds, the states had the right to nullify the laws, never fully approved, laws ended up being retracted later on anyway planted a seed of nullification

Federalist view on French Revolution

very against it, scared that the reign of terror would carry over to the US

Democratic Republican view of the French revolution

full support for fighting for freedom, felt we owed french from the revolutionary war

Citizen Genet

1793- Edmund Genet (french ambassador) tried to negotiate on behalf of france, overestimates US love of france and pulls a small army, starts attacking Spanish Florida and British Canada in the name of France, gets kicked out

Jay's Treaty

1794- US would restrict trade with France, Britain would leave british forts in US and stop supplying weapons to Natives, and impressing ships (was never enforced), colonists angry because it really benefited the british

Pinckney's Treaty

1795- Spain kissing up to US because they didn't like how close they were getting with Britain, granted Americans free navigation of the Mississippi and parts of Northern Florida

XYZ Affair

1797- John Adams sent John Marshall and 2 others to reach an agreement with foreign minister Talleyrand. Were met with 3 go betweens who demanded a huge loan and $250000 to even talk to Talleyrand. Negotiations failed, Americans saw it as ridiculous, started a quasi-war between US and France

Convention of 1800

1800- treaty signed with france that ended quasi-war and officially ended Franco-American alliance on relatively cordial terms. Set up good relations for the Louisiana Purchase later on.

Judiciary Act of 1801: BEGINNING OF PERIOD 4 IN THIS QUIZLET

Adams created sixteen new federal judgeships and other judicial officers right before he left, aroused bitter resentment as it put a lot more federalists in power

Marbury vs. Madison

1803, Marshall Ruled that Judiciary Act of 1789 was unconstitutional and that the Supreme Court could determine constitutionality of laws, established judicial review

Louisiana Purchase

1803- French needed to sell the land to combat British, US gained New Orleans and land westward, doubled size, was an example of loose construction because it technically wasn't in the constitution, Old world presence lessened, more land to trade and govern

Napoleonic Wars effect on US

To get at each other, the British and French impressed American soldiers and seized their ships to prevent each other from getting aid from America

Non-Intercourse Act

Madison administration, 1809, resumed trade with all but Britain and France

Macon's Bill No. 2

Madison Administration, US would stop trade with either Britain or France if they stopped restrictions, sided with France since they promised to reduce restrictions and forced US to reinstate embargo against Britain, French lied and Britain ignored us and both kept impressing US soldiers

Election of 1800

Thomas Jefferson (Democratic Republican Candidate) won the election against John Adams (Federalist Candidate)

Election of 1808

James Madison (Republican) vs. Thomas Pickney (Federalist)/ Madison won,Embroils us in a significant war, the War of 1812, driving force of the election was tensions with Britain

McCulloch v. Maryland

1819-U.S Supreme Court decision that defined the scope of Congress's legislative power. Court held that the bank was constitutional and that Maryland could not tax instruments of the national government

Gibbons v. Ogden

1824-When New York tried to grant a monopoly of waterborne commerce, Marshall struck it down by saying that only congress can control interstate commerce, not the states themselves, another hit to states' rights

Dartmouth College v. Woodward

1819- the government can't violate private contracts

Treaty of Ghent

1814- Ended War of 1812, neither side gained much in the treaty itself

Causes of the War of 1812 (7)

Napoleonic Wars, Chesapeake-Leopard Affair, Embargo Act, Non-Intercourse Act, Macon's Bill No.2, British Instigation of Native Americans, War Hawks

Effects of the War of 1812

US showed that it would resist what it regarded as grievous wrongs, other nations developed new respect for US, manufacturing prospered since American industries were stimulated and America grew less dependent on Europe, Nationalism increased, revived Bank of US, Federalist decline (Hartford convention showed how ungrateful they were)

Era of Good Feelings

1810s-1820s, Monroe administration, lots of nationalism emerging, gained land, population increased, westward expansion

American System

created by Henry Clay in 1824, 3 parts, strong banking system, protective tariff that would help manufacturing flourish, and a network of roads and canals that would make trade easier, country brought closer together

Erie Canal Importance

Connected Great Lakes to the atlantic, improved trade

James Monroe

President during Era of Good Feelings

Causes and effects of the Panic of 1819

overdoing risky investments to make a quick profit in frontier lands, Bank of US had become deeply involved in frontier buying "gambling", effects=financial paralysis, west hit hard, poorer classes severely strapped

What led to the settlement of the West

continuation of westward movement, siren song of cheap land, land exhaustion due to tobacco farming, economic distress turned mayn to agriculture, crushing of native Americans cleared up land

Missouri Compromise

1820-South won missouri as a slave state, north won forbidding of slavery in remaining territories. 36 degrees, 30 ticks

Treaty of 1818

Permitted Americans to share Newfoundland Fisheries with Canada, fixed Northern Louisiana limits along forty-nonth parallel