unit 2 - Age of Reformation

Martin Luther

• reformer; Protestant Reformation

• author of 95 Theses

• condemned the church’s corruption

• translated bible into German

Protestant Reformation

• religious movement in 16th century

• goal: reform Catholic Church

• why: hypocrisy, corruption

95 Theses

• list of criticisms abt Catholic Church

• written by Martin Luther, 1517

• sparked Protestant Reformation

Predestination

• belief that God has already determined fates of all

• those who are evil were destined to be evil, and vice versa

• believed by John Calvin & other Protestants

Theocracy

• form of gov.

• religious leaders are head of gov.

German Peasant’s War

• peasant uprising against feudal lords & church

• deaths of tens of thousands of peasants

Peace of Augsburg

• treaty of HRE & some group

• allowed each prince of Germany to decide the official religion of their territory

• more religious freedom, less religious warfare

St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre

• during french wars of religion

• thousands of Huguenots killed

• (huguenot = french protestants)

Edict of Nantes

• decree 1598 by Henry IV of France

• religious toleration to huguenots

• ended french wars of religion

Thirty Years’ War

• religious conflict, 1618-1648

• BEGAN out of religion, evolved with ulterior motives (ie. power, land, etc)

• protestants vs catholics

• HRE, spain, sweden, france, germany, etc

Peace of Westphalia

• treaty signed in 1648

• recognized independence of dutch republic & switzerland

• religious freedom to protestants

• ended Thirty Years’ war

Holy Roman Empire

• ended with the end of the Thirty Years’ War

• catholic empire

Protestantism

• branch/denomination of christianity

• emerged w/ protestant reformation

• rejected the catholic church

Baroque Art

• style of art emerging in 17th century

• dramatic, ornate

• light, shadows, intense emotions

Council of Trent

• 1545-1563

• council which adressed criticisms of the church

• reaffirmed the church’s teachings

• banned the sale of indulgences

Huguenots

Calvinist Protestants of France and involved in many of the French religious wars.

Concordat of Bologna

• agreement between the Pope and Francis I of France

• pope → allowed to collect all income the Church made in France

• strengthened relationship between church & state

Henry VIII

• King of England (1509-1547)

• 6 wives (watch six the musical)

• became the head of the new Church of England after splitting from the Catholic Church; Act of Supremacy

• centralized power by becoming state & religion

Act of Supremacy

An act which declared the King of England as the head of the Church of England, creating a new church & breaking away from the Catholic one.

Elizabeth I

• reigned from 1558-1603

• religious policies created a strong grounding for Protestantism while allowing for some compromise on religious freedom

• encouraged British trade & exploration