Opioids (Flashcards from Canvas)

Nociception

Neural processing of noxious stimuli

Nociceptors

Another term for pain receptors

F; receptors also are located peripherally

True or False: Opiate receptors are only centrally located

Threshold

This must be reached before nocieptors trigger a signal

F: endogenous opioids occur

True or False: Opioid receptors respond only to exogenous compounds

Opium

The first opioid important into the US

Opium poppy

The sourece of opiates

Narcotics

An alternative term for opioids because of their ability to induced sleep

Opiates are "natural"; opioids also include synthetics, but all bind opioid receptors

The difference between opioids and opiates

Mu

The receptors responsible for euphoria characteristic of opioids

Mu, Kappa

The two primary opioid receptors targeted for control of analgesia

Mu, Kappa (agonist)

Receptors targeted by morphine, fentanly and oxymorphone

Mu (antagonist), Kappa (agonist)

Targeted by butorphanol

Naloxone

A "pure" mu opioid antagonist

Butorphanol

A "mixed" mu opioid antagonist

Buprenorphine

A "partial" mu opioid agonist

cAMP inhibited

The secondary messenger system for opioid receptors and how it is affected

G-proteins

Opioid rectpors are coupled to this

Inhibited release (also serotonin, substance P)

Opioid receptors stimulation has this effect on acetylcholine and dopamine

Decrease sensitivity to CO2

Opioids cause respiratory depression because of this effect

Constipation

Opioids have this effect on the gastrointestinal tract

Stimulation

Opioids generally have this effect on the emetic center

Apomorphine

An opioid used to induce emesis when appropriate for toxin ingestion

First pass metabolism

The reason that many opioids can not be given orally

Constant rate infusion

Some opioids are given via this route and method because of their short half-life

Fentanyl

An opioid available in a transdermal delivery system

Fentanyl

The most potent of the model opioids

Oxymorphone

A pure mu agonist approved for use in dogs and cats

Short eliminatinon half-life

A reason that fentanyl is administered as a transdermal patch

12 to 24 hours

The approximate time to onset of fentanyl when adminsitered as a transdermal patch

Horses, cows, cats

Species for which opioids may cause dysphoria rather than euphoria

Butorphanol and buprenorphine

This drug has very high affinity for Mu receptors and as such, is not easily reversed

Butorphanol

This drug can be used to reverse the effects of opioids at mu receptors while maintaining some analgesic effects

Buprenorphine

This opioid in general has a longer duration of action than most because of its tight affinity for mu receptors

Half-life is shorter than the agent being reversed

Why does naloxone administration generally have to be repeated when reversing opoids

Class II

The DEA schedule for fentanyl and morphine

Class III

The DEA schedule for buprenorphine

Class IV

The DEA schedule for butorphanol

Drug Enforcement or DEA

The agency other than the FDA that regulates opioids